Inside Cyber Warfare - Jeffrey Carr [155]
In June 2011 South Africa agreed to work with China to combat crime. Most of the dialogue, however, focused on cyber crime. China and South Africa plan to share intelligence to expose criminal networks and activities. Through the agreement, they will share criminal intelligence, but it also inadvertently gives the Chinese access to Internet-based information gathering. This is likely the main reason Chinese intelligence officials are working with South Africa.[195]
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[194] “Draft cyber policy welcomed but criticised in South Africa,” Balancing Act Africa, February 26, 2010, accessed August 31, 2011, http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/en/issue-no-493/internet/draft-cyber-policy-w/en.
[195] Jackie Cameron, “China, South Africa dodgy crime partnership,” MoneyWeb, China Perspectives, June 9, 2011, accessed August 31, 2011, http://www.moneyweb.co.za/mw/view/mw/en/page503823?oid=544874&sn=2009+Detail.
Sweden
Sweden participated in the May 2010 Baltic Cyber Shield international cyber defense exercise. The exercise was organized by NATO’s Cooperative Cyber Defense Center of Excellence based out of Estonia, as well as several Swedish governmental institutions, including the Swedish National Defense College.[196] Sweden has also been designated as a vital part of the US National Infrastructure Plan (NIP) because of the Swedish telecommunication firm Telia Sonera, which operates the most critical part of the European cyber infrastructure. Sweden’s critical role in the US NIP has earned it an inner-circle membership in the defense exercise Cyber Storm, which simulates attacks by terrorists and hostile states on the cyber infrastructure.[197]
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[196] “Baltic Cyber Shield to train technical skills for countering cyber attacks,” NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, May 3, 2010, accessed August 31, 2011, http://www.ccdcoe.org/172.html.
[197] “Sweden has central role in cyber warfare,” Om Dagens Nyheter, January 2, 2011, accessed August 31, 2011, http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/sweden-has-central-role-in-cyber-warfare.
Taiwan (Republic of China)
The Taiwanese military began planning for a battalion-sized cyber warfare unit in 2000, according to Defense Minister Wu Shih-Wen. The unit would focus on building information warfare and electronic warfare capabilities, and it would receive funding in an amount equal to almost 25% of Taiwan’s defense budget.
Taiwan’s General Lin Chin-Ching has said that Taiwan has an advantage over the People’s Republic of China in information warfare:
Taiwan’s information warfare advantage, which cannot be matched by the mainland, is that all of our citizens have a very high level of universal education, with a solid communications infrastructure, and our related research on electronic anti-virus software and Internet defense products all being up to world-class level.[198]
In fact, Taiwan has a history of producing high-quality malware dating back to 1990, before the PRC had its own Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA).
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[198] Emily O Goldman and Thomas G. Mahnken, The Information Revolution in Military Affairs in Asia (Palgrave Macmillan), p. 156.
Turkey
Turkey conducted cyber terror drills in January 2011. The second attack drills involved 39 Turkish national and private institutions. The drill was primarily designed to coordinate cyber response among the diverse institutions.[199] In June 2011 Turkey announced the formation of Internet filter laws, which will require Internet users in Turkey to use government-provided Internet filters. The hacking group Anonymous attacked government websites in response to these new laws, and Turkish police arrested 32 suspected members of Anonymous.[200]
In March 2011 Turkey established the first of three core commands that will serve as Turkey’s Cyber Command