Inside of a Dog_ What Dogs See, Smell, and Know - Alexandra Horowitz [132]
to dogs, 290–91
joint, 58
manipulating attention, 143, 155–58
to our behavior, 140–41
in play, 152–53, 199–205
"psychic powers" of animals, 163–72
to sounds around you, 251–52
stages in child development, 141–44
types of, 139, 142–44
see also attention-getter; eye contact
attention-getter
bark, 98, 105–8, 152, 153, 154, 171
bump, 152
exaggerated retreat, 203
in-your-face, 152, 200, 203
kinds of, 152–53, 199–200
matching level of inattention, 203
pawing, 152
used in play, 152–53, 199–205
audition
auditory attention, 139
changes in, 169
importance of, 122
range of hearing in dogs, 92, 93–94
range of hearing in humans, 21–22, 23–24, 92–94
in rats, 28
ultrasonic sounds, 91, 93, 241–43
see also sounds made
Australian shepherd, 53
autism
lack of eye contact in, 140, 192
theory of mind and, 192
use of dogs to read behavior, 162 autobiographies, pet, 119, 225–27
baboons
animal cognition research on, 4
eyebrows raised in display, 16
baby talk, 95–96
ball dogs, 126–32, 154, 287
barks
as communication, 98, 105–8, 152, 153, 154, 171
contagious, 108
decibels of, 105
frequencies of, 105–6, 107–8
types of, 98–99, 100, 106–8
see also attention-getter; sounds made
basenji, 50
basset hound, 77–78
bathing dogs, 85–86, 292
baths, 19, 86
bats
echolocation of, 91, 241–43
flehmen, 74
beagle, 49, 71, 72
bears, birth of, 64–65
beastomorphism, 60
beds
dog, 25–26, 86
human, 25–26
bees, 91, 215
begging
in dogs, 155–56
experimental trials using, 155–57
behavioral science
animal cognition research in, 4–5, 13–14, 27–28, 102n operant conditioning and, 10–11, 189–90
Bekoff, Marc, 237–38 Belgian Tervuren, 193–95
belly, exposing, 110
Belyaev, Dmitry, 35–37
big-brain hypothesis, 8–9, 44
bike-chasing, 170–71
biophilia hypothesis (Wilson), 265n
bird dogs, 43, 49, 54
biting
games based on, 42
meanings of, 62–63
muzzle biting, 18–19
bitter taste, 30 bladders, 60–61, 83, 115, 116
blind persons, dog companions for, 43, 134–35, 152, 162, 274
bloodhound, olfaction in tracking, 77–78
blue tit, milk-bottle raiding of, 185
see also imitation
body language, 91, 108–14, 118
bonding
components of, 266–79
cross-species, 259–82
dog-human, 259–82
of domesticated silver foxes, 37
greeting ritual and, 29, 30–31, 263–64, 271–73
impact of bond effect, 279–82
mutual responsiveness in, 263–66, 274–79
pair bond, 260–61
proximate/ultimate explanations for, 265–66
temporal patterns and, 274–79
touch and, 266–71, 293
bonobos, 4–5, 145n
border collie, 48, 96–97, 98
boredom, 216–17, 288–89
see also time, experience of
Bouvier des Flandres, 50
boxer, 51
brain
anatomy of olfaction and, 71–75
anatomy of vision and, 125, 126–32
big-brain hypothesis, 8–9, 44
breathing sounds, 103
breeds, dog, 47–55
American Kennel Club, 49, 50
ancient, 48–49
categories of, 49–52
characteristic traits of, 40, 42n, 47–52, 112, 114, 127–28, 287
closed gene pool of, 50–52
development of, 40, 48–49
differences in development, 47–48
"dog fancy" shows, 49n
genomes of, 50–52
modern, 49–50
mutts versus, 294
physical range, 43–44
purebred, 49–50, 51, 71
selective breeding, 40
threshold differences between, 52–55
briard, 50
bulldog, 114
bull terrier, 5
bumblebees, use of time, 215
bumps, 152
butyric acid, 20–21, 79
caching behavior, 210n, 226, 227, 227n
Cairn terrier, 50
camouflage, 123
cancer, detection of, 81–82
see also olfaction
Canidae family, 34, 38, 82–84
cats
attention in, 145
fetch and, 277
flehmen, 74
Cavalier King Charles spaniel, 114
character-reading, 168–70
chasing behaviors, 169–71
chatter, 103
chickadees, 185
see also imitation
chickens, spatial preferences of, 16–17
Chihuahua, 1–2, 124, 205–6
children
attention-getting in, 152, 153, 234
autism and, 140, 162, 192
developmental stages, 43, 141–44, 146, 162–63
epileptic seizure prediction in, 82n
fear of strange dogs and, 79–80
gaze bias of, 148n
guilt and, 230, 234
hearing abilities of, 93n
overimitation by, 188, 188n
rescue dogs and, 237–39
theory of mind, 192–93,