Inside of a Dog_ What Dogs See, Smell, and Know - Alexandra Horowitz [139]
tail
docked, 114
in greetings, 3, 31, 256–57
meaning of wags, 3, 31, 112–13 use of, 111–14
tapetum lucidum, 125
taste
importance of, 122
reception, 30
types of flavors, 30
teeth
showing, 110
tooth-snapping, 100
television-watching, 157
flicker-fusion rate and, 131–32
in observing animals, 14
see also vision
tells, dog, 292–93
temperament, 47–48, 55
termites, sounds made by, 93
terriers, 5, 47–48, 49, 50, 53n, 56
territory marking, 83–84
testosterone, 172
see also hormones
theory of mind, 190–207
children and, 192–93, 218, 234–35
comparative psychology and, 206–7
concept of, 190–92
dog mind and, 193–206
false belief task, 192–93, 201
nonverbal test of, 192–93
play and, 196–205
rudimentary theory of mind, 204–5
self-awareness and, 217–22
thermotactile sensory probe (Fox), 269
threshold differences, 52–55
ticks, deer, 20–22
time, 211–17, 251–56
boredom and, 216–17, 288–89
bumblebee use of, 215
circadian rhythms, 88, 212–15, 227–28
dog "pacemaker" and, 212–15
dog years and, 222n
memories and, 119, 222–28
odors and, 72, 77, 78–79, 84, 227–28, 254–56
regulation of, 274–79
temporal patterns in bonding, 274–79
time-telling by dogs, 227–28
Tinbergen, Niko, 147n
tool use, 44–45, 177
tooth-snapping, 100
tortoises, sniff in, 69
touch
as element in bonding, 266–71, 293
between mother and child, 267–69
petting, 266–67, 293
sense of, 122, 269–71 see also licking
toy dogs, 49, 290–91
toys
ball retrieval, 126–32, 154
color vision and, 128–29
dog beds and, 25
dog naming of, 96–97, 98
object displacement and, 177–79
size of objects, 247–50
tracking, 48, 57n
olfaction in, 76, 77–78
style of dogs, 48, 57n
style of wolves, 57n
vision in, 123–24, 143
training
associative learning in, 10–11, 167–68, 182
clickers in, 256n
dogs' reading of trainers in, 166–72
domestication of dogs and, 33–34
for emergencies, 240
guidelines for, 285–86
learning from others, 176, 181–83
to obey commands, 182–83, 189–90, 204n, 285–86
by owners, 10–11, 25–26 pack analogy and, 57–61
"psychic powers" of animals, 163–72, 251–52
punishment versus reward in, 60–61, 286
for scent recognition, 76, 77–78, 81–82
successes in, 11
wolf versus dog behavior and, 55–61
see also learning
trotting, 290
tuberculosis, detection of, 81
typhoid fever, detection of, 81
ultrasonic sounds, 91, 93, 241–43
umami taste, 30
umwelt
"acting into,"23#8211;24
anthropomorphism versus, 14–17, 23, 31–32, 263n, 294–96
of blind companion, 134–35, 162, 274
de-animalizing of dogs, 295
defined, 20
of dogs, 13–19, 22, 23, 24–26, 31–32, 132–37, 241–58, 287–88
functional tones and, 24–26
of humans, 21–22, 24–26, 93n
impact of dogs on human, 283–84
of ticks, 20–22
unfriendly behavior, 171–72
uniformity of species, 8–9
urine
as communication, 22, 82–84, 114–18
in detection of cancer, 81–82
ground scratching associated with, 85
hippopotamus marking, 84
licking, 73, 74
marking behavior, 22, 76, 82–84, 114–18
mongoose marking, 84
odor of, 22, 76, 82–84, 114–18
pheromones in, 73, 74, 83
punishment associated with, 60–61
raised-leg display, 83, 116, 117–18 rhinoceros marking, 84
vasopressin, 261 see also hormones
veterinarian, smell of fear and, 84–85
video cameras, 5–6, 113, 198–99, 231–32, 245, 291–92
vision, 121–37
anatomy of dog eye, 124–32
animal behavior affected by, 15n, 126–32
animal observation of humans, 161–73
area centralis, 127
balls and, 126–32, 154
color vision, 128–29, 250, 252
dog companions for blind persons, 43, 134–35, 152, 162, 274
dog visual field, 135–37
flicker-fusion rate, 130–32
foveae in, 126–27
human visual perception, 21–22, 67–68, 72–73, 135–37, 141–44 lateral versus panoramic, 124, 127–28
motion sensitivity and, 48, 54, 123–24, 129–32, 167, 244–45, 249, 250–51
night vision, 48, 125, 128–30
photoreceptors, 48, 126, 127–32, 168
purpose of, 122–24
retina in, 125, 126–32, 135–36, 249
sclera, 125
tapetum lucidum, 125
television-watching, 14, 131–32, 157
in tracking prey, 123–24, 143
visual attention, 139
visual streak,