Inside of a Dog_ What Dogs See, Smell, and Know - Alexandra Horowitz [138]
"mark" test of, 218–19, 220
olfaction and, 219–20
size and, 220–22
of working dogs, 221–22
self-takedown, 221
sensitive/critical period, 42–43, 222n, 262
separation anxiety, 43, 268n, 271–72, 280
sexuality
courting behavior, 83–84, 277–78
and domestication of silver foxes, 36
flehmen and, 74
flirting and, 277–78
genetic mutations and, 51
genitals and, 75, 76, 87
hormones and, 172
neutering dogs, 295
raised-leg display in, 83, 116, 117–18
of wolves, 38, 41, 58
shake, body, 113–14
shaping behavior, 10–11
shark, olfaction of, 77
shar-pei, 50
sheepdog
early exposure to sheep, 221, 262
"eye" behavior, 287
innate behavioral tendencies, 54
nose of, 71
shepherding behavior. see herding behavior
shepherds, 49, 50, 53, 53n, 104
shoes
for dogs, 56
odor of, 71, 75–76, 78, 135, 244
showing, 154
shriek, 103
Siberian husky, 42n, 48, 50, 114, 135
sighing, 27, 153
sight. see vision
signature odor, 25–26, 74–79, 87–88, 135
sitting tone, 24
size
big-dog sounds, 102
breed differences, 43–44
height in, 23, 40, 110n, 112, 169–71, 243–45
of objects in relation to dogs, 247–50
recognition of own, 220–22
in rough-and-tumble play, 1–2, 124, 205–6, 221 toy dogs, 49, 290–91
slaughterhouses, 136, 251n
sledding, 169–71
sleep
circadian rhythms and, 88, 212–15
dreaming and, 88, 124, 213, 213n
smelling. see nose; odors; olfaction
smile
of chimpanzees, 16
of dogs, 16, 110, 256–58, 273
of dolphins, 16
happiness and, 16, 145 infant imitation of, 143, 173, 277
snarl, 102
sneeze, 68
sniff, 68–71
characterized by ethologists, 69–70, 83–84
description of, 67, 68, 69–70
in dogs, 67, 68–71, 83–88, 116–17
in elephants, 69
in greeting, 75, 76, 84–85, 86, 87–88
in humans, 70–71
in marmosets, 69
rump sniffing, 84–88
in tortoises, 69
types of, 67, 68
wet nose good for, 69, 74–75, 77
see also nose; odors; olfaction
Snoopy, 226
snuffling, 103
social cognition
animal behavior in zoos, 4–5, 8, 14–15, 15n, 158–59, 216
animal knowledge of humans, 161–73
animal preferences and, 16–17
attention in, 144–45
in detection of fear, 79–81
in domestication of dogs, 38–47
eye contact and, 45–47
linguistic ability of animals, 94–95
packs and, 38, 40, 41, 43, 57–61, 103
physical cognition and, 176–81
play and, 1–2, 5–6, 206–7. see also play
"psychic powers" of animals, 163–72
sensitive/critical period of, 43
see also attention; communication
social panting, 103–4
socks, 244
Sofia (dog), 145n
Sony, 276
sounds made, 98–108 bark. see barks
breathing, 103
cackling laugh, 103–4
chatter, 103
context and, 99–100
cry, 101
duration of, 100
growl, 62, 100, 102, 221–22
grunt, 101–2
high-frequency, 93, 101
howl, 100, 101, 103
method of production, 100
moan, 100, 101–2
noisy breathing, 103
pitch of, 93–96, 98–108
play slap, 103, 201
range of hearing in dogs, 92, 93–94
range of hearing in humans, 21–22, 23–24, 92–94
scream, 101
shriek, 103
sigh, 27, 153
snarl, 102
sneeze, 68
snuffling, 103
social panting, 103–4
sonorous mouth licking, 152
squeal, 101
ultrasonic, 91, 93, 241–43
whimper, 101
whine, 100, 101, 153
yawn, 110, 280–81
yelp, 98, 100–101
sour taste, 30
spaniel, 3, 49, 50, 114
species, nature of, 38n
spelling, 167
sporting hounds, 49
springer spaniel, 3
squeal, 101
standing over, 18–19
Stanley (Jack Russell), 245
staring, 15, 45–46, 110, 292–93
Stein, Gertrude, 161
Sterbak, Jana, 245
stimulus enhancement, 184–90
strange dogs, 79n
stranger barks, 107
stray dogs, 63
stress response
cortisol in, 172–73, 279–80
eye contact and, 45–46
in fear, 79–81
genes and, 36–37
sounds in, 104
tails in, 112
yawn in, 110
stroboscopic vision, 131 submission
body language showing, 110–11, 112, 114
in electric shock research, 19n
eye contact in, 147
licking and, 30–31
in training dogs, 57–61
in wolves versus dogs, 18–19
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 212–13
surrogate mothers, 268–69
sweat, 20–21, 75, 76, 80
sweet taste, 30
synchrony
of assistance dogs, 43, 134–35, 162, 274 in regulation of time, 274