Jihad vs. McWorld - Benjamin R. Barber [193]
4. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991).
5. Walter Russell Mead in a review of William Pfaff’s The Wrath of Nations (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), The New York Times Book Review, November 7, 1993, p. 25.
6. Observers like Liah Greenfeld try to elicit some consensus by persuading us that nationalism is a question of phenomenology: simply everything and anything people we call nationalists say and do. Her broad characterization permits nationalism to encompass multiple “roads” to modernity, certainly all of those alluded to above, new and old alike. Normative philosophers like Yael Tamir take a narrower “essentialist” view, insisting that we must first define the idea theoretically and then limit actual cases to those that conform to the normative concept. For her, “liberal nationalism” and “ethnic nationalism” are not two species of an underlying genus but rival understandings, only one of which can be tenable. Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993); Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). Even Greenfeld ultimately chooses to see nationalism as a forge of modernity and to this degree narrows her definition to exclude wholly reactionary visions of nationalism.
7. In his chapter on “Nationality” in On Representative Government. Rousseau’s most eloquent argument on behalf of nationalism as a condition for republicanism comes in his essay Considerations on the Government of Poland, written in 1771. See The Government of Poland, edited by W. Kendall, (New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1972).
8. G. Mazzini, The Duties of Man and Other Essays, chapter III (London: Dent, 1917), cited in S. Baron, Modern Nationalism and Religion (New York: Meridian Books, 1960), p. 49. For a full account of Mazzini’s extraordinary role as a liberal revolutionary nationalist see Dennis Mack Smith, Mazzini (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994).
Anthony Smith is a neo-Mazzinian who believes there is no “alternative to the myth and ideal of nationalism as a cement and vision for large groupings of human beings, one which is both ideologically acceptable and sociologically feasible,” precisely because nations alone “can ground the inter-state order in the principles of popular sovereignty and the will of the people.” Anthony Smith, “Ties That Bind,” The LSE Magazine, Spring,1993, pp. 8–11.
9. Paul Hazard, European Thought in the Eighteenth Century (Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1972), pp. 471–472.
10. Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 121. With the transformation, ethnicity and language became the decisive hallmarks of the new nationalism.
11. José Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1932), p. 83. Ortega hoped that the nationalist outburst of the twenties might signal its final passing: “The last flare, the longest; the last sigh, the deepest. On the very eve of their disappearance there is an intensification of frontiers.” We might hope the same today, were not Ortega’s hopes so dismally contradicted by subsequent history.
12. Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism, pp. 6, 14.
13. Edmund Burke, The Works, London, 1907, VI, p. 155.
14. Anderson, Imagined Communities, p. 7.
15. Joel Kotkin, Tribes: How Race, Religion, and Identity Determine Success in the New Global Economy (New York: Random House, 1993). “As the conventional barriers of nation-states and regions become less meaningful under the weight of global economic forces, it is likely such dispersed peoples [as Jews, Chinese, Indians, etc.]—and their worldwide business and cultural networks—will increasingly shape the economic destiny of mankind.” p. 4.
16. Eric Hobsbawm, “The New Threat to