• Choose a category
• All
• Classic-Fiction

By Root 413 0

July 13, 1994, p. B8. The district court opinion pointed out, in a footnote, that Hopwood’s LSAT score, in the eighty-third percentile, placed her “well below the median LSAT for nonminorities in the 1992 entering class.” See Cheryl J. Hopwood v. State of Texas, United States District Court for the Western District of Texas, 861 F. Supp. 551 (1994), at 43.

2. Michael Sharlot, quoted in Sam Walker, “Texas Hunts for Ways to Foster Diversity,” Christian Science Monitor, June 12, 1997, p. 4.

3. Bernstein, “Racial Discrimination or Righting Past Wrongs?”

4. Regents of University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).

5. Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003).

6. Ethan Bronner, “Colleges Look for Answers to Racial Gaps in Testing,” NewYork Times, November 8, 1997, pp. A1, A12.

7. Michael Sharlot, then the acting dean of the University of Texas Law School, quoted in Bernstein, “Racial Discrimination or Righting Past Wrongs?”

8. Regents of University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978), appendix to opinion of Justice Powell, pp. 321–24.

9. Ibid., 323.

10. Ronald Dworkin, “Why Bakke Has No Case,” New York Review of Books, vol. 24, November 10, 1977.

11. Ibid.

12. Lowell quote from “Lowell Tells Jews Limit at Colleges Might Help Them,” New York Times, June 17, 1922, pp. 3.

13. Dartmouth quotes from William A. Honan, “Dartmouth Reveals Anti-Semitic Past,” New York Times, November 11, 1997, p. A16.

14. Dworkin, “Why Bakke Has No Case.”

15. An excellent account of the Starrett City quotas is Jefferson Morley, “Double Reverse Discrimination,” The New Republic, July 9, 1984, pp. 14–18; see also Frank J. Prial, “Starrett City: 20,000 Tenants, Few Complaints,” New York Times, December 10, 1984.

16. These hypothetical letters are adapted from Michael J. Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2d ed., 1998).

Chapter 8: Who Deserves What? / Aristotle

1. Callie Smartt’s story was reported in Sue Anne Pressley, “A ‘Safety’ Blitz,” Washington Post, November 12, 1996, pp. A1, A8. The analysis I present here draws on Michael J. Sandel, “Honor and Resentment,” The New Republic, December 23, 1996, p. 27; reprinted in Michael J. Sandel, Public Philosophy: Essays on Morality in Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005), pp. 97–100.

2. Aristotle, The Politics, edited and translated by Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), Book III, chap. xii [1282b].

3. Ibid.

4. A. A. Milne, Winnie-the-Pooh (1926; New York: Dutton Children’s Books, 1988), pp. 5–6.

5. Aristotle, The Politics, Book III, chap. ix [1280b].

6. Ibid. [1280a].

7. Ibid. [1280b].

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid., [1281a]; Book III, chap. xii [1282b].

10. Ibid., Book I, chap. ii [1253a].

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, translated by David Ross (New York: Oxford University Press, 1925), Book II, chap. 3 [1104b].

14. Ibid., Book II, chap. 1 [1103a].

15. Ibid. [1103a–1103b].

16. Ibid. [1003b].

17. Judith Martin, “The Pursuit of Politeness,” The New Republic, August 6, 1984, p. 29.

18. Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book II, chap. 2 [1104a].

19. Ibid., Book II, chap. 9 [1109a].

20. Ibid., Book VI, chap. 6 [1140b].

21. Ibid., Book VI, chap. 7 [1141b].

22. Ibid., Book VI, chap. 5 [1140b].

23. Ibid., Book VI, chap. 7 [1141b].

24. I am indebted here to the illuminating discussion in Bernard Williams, Shame and Necessity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp. 103–29.

25. Aristotle, The Politics, Book I, chap. v [1254a].

26. Ibid. [1254b].

27. Ibid. [1254b].

28. Ibid. [1255a].

29. Ibid., Book I, chap. vi [1254b].

30. Ibid. [1255b].

31. Ibid., Book I, chap. iii [1253b].

32. For an illuminating discussion of this point, see Russell Muirhead, Just Work (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004).

33. PGA Tour v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661 (2001).

34. Ibid., Justice Scalia dissent, at 700.

35. Ibid., Justice Stevens opinion, at 682.

36. Ibid., at 687.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid., Justice Scalia dissent, at 701.

39. Tom Kite, “Keep the