Life After Death_ A History of the Afterlife in Western Religion - Alan Segal [461]
44. Gager, Kingdom and Community; Horsley, Jesus and the Spiral of Violence; Boswell, Of the Christian Era.
45. See Elior, The Three Temples.
46. In the last fifty years, sociologists, anthropologists, and historians have produced a whole literature on messianic movements. See, for example, Barbar, “Acculturation and Messianic Movements;” chapters by R. Linton, A. F. C. Wallace, W. W. Hill, J. S. Slotkin, C. S. Belshaw, D. F. A. Geertz, and C. Geertz on “Dynamics in Religion,” in Lessa and Vogt, Reader, pp. 496-543; Y. Talmon in Lessa and Vogt, Reader, 2d ed., pp. 522-37; and Overholt, Channels of Prophecy.
Chapter 8. Religiously Interpreted States of Consciousness
1. Husser, Dreams and Dream Narratives.
2. The abbreviations are regularly used in psychological literature.
3. For a review of altered states of consciousness (ASC) and shamanism, see Winkelman, Shamanism.
4. See Aune’s very informative study, Prophecy in Early Christianity, pp. 81-152.
5. E. Wolfson, Through a Speculum That Shines, pp. 108-9.
6. Dean-Otting, Heavenly Journeys.
7. Nicholas D. Kristof, “Alien Abduction? Science Calls It Sleep Paralysis,” New York Times, July 6, 1999, F:1-2.
8. Austin, Zen and the Brain, p. 333; Tart, Altered States of Consciousness, pp. 73-113.
9. Merkur, gnōsis, pp. 44-54; “The Nature of the Hypnotic State,” p. 345.
10. P. Miller, Dreams in Late Antiquity, esp. pp. 3-123.
11. See for example Ripinsky-Naxon, The Nature of Shamanism; Merkur, Becoming Half Hidden; Grim, The Shaman, for a review of research.
12. Eliade, Le chamanisme et les techniques archaiques de Vextase (Paris: Librairie Payot, 1951), translated into English as Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy; also Yoga: Immortality and Freedom.
13. See the newly published book by Davila, Descenders to the Chariot, which attempts to see Merkabah mysticism as a shamanistic phenomenon. See also Bourgignon, Religion; and I. M. Lewis Religion in Context.
14. Davila, Descenders to the Chariot.
15. Persinger, Neuropsychological Bases of God Beliefs; Cardeña, Lynn, and Krippner, Varieties of Anomalous Experience; Newberg, D’Aquili, and Rause, Why God Won’t Go Away; Winkelman, Shamanism.
16. Newberg, D’Aquili, and Rause, Why God Won’t Go Away, pp. 171-72.
17. Persinger, Neuropsychological Bases of God Beliefs; also see Cardeña, Lynn, and Krippner, Varieties of Anomalous Experience, esp. the chapter on “out-of-body” experiences.
18. Newberg, D’Aquili, and Rause, Why God Won’t Go Away, p. 119.
19. Alverado, “Out-of-Body Experiences;” see M. Maddux, “Hallucinogenic Herb Attracts DEA Interest,” The Bergen Record, July 6, 2003.
20. Here I am relying on interviews with them, made for the TV show, “Between Life and Death.” Their findings are quite in consonance with the suggestions of Newberg, D’Aquili, and Rause. Since Ketamine is not licensed for human use in the US, all its users are technically abusers. But it has been used in various experimental settings to investigate its psychoactive properties. See Jansen, “Using Ketamine.”
21. Alvarado, “Out-of-Body Experiences.”
22. See Atran, “Waves of Passion,” pp. 174-96 in In God We Trust, for a cautionary note about how little of these processes we actually understand.
23. See A. Segal, “Taoist Ascent and Merkabah Mysticism.”
24. See for example, the summary discussion in J. Collins, Apocalyptic Vision of Daniel.
25. Rowland, The Open Heaven, pp. 217fr
26. Ibid., p. 218.
27. New confirmation of this point may be found in E. Wolfson, Through a Speculum That Shines, pp. 108-24, 383-92.
28. See Kilborne’s article, “Dreams;” and Hanson, “Dreams and Visions.” Also see P. Miller, Dreams in Late Antiquity.
29. See Saake, “Paulus als Ekstatiker;” Benz, Paulus als Visionaer.
30. Kim, “Origin of Paul’s Gospel.”
31. See A. Segal, “Heavenly Ascent in Hellenistic Judaism.”
32. Rohde, Psyche, p. 364.
33. Flanagan and Block, The Nature of Consciousness; McGinn, The Mysterious Flame; Dennett, Kinds of Minds, Consciousness Explained; Searle, The Mystery of Consciousness; E. Walker,