Life After Death_ A History of the Afterlife in Western Religion - Alan Segal [474]
16. It is even present in contemporary Reform Jewish liturgies. In the last century, the reference to resurrection was removed in many Reform prayer books. It is now sometimes being reinstated in Hebrew, although it is still often left out in English. Thus, the traditional form of the prayer remains intact but the congregation assents with its mind only to the censored form.
17. See, for example, Raphael, Jewish Views of the Afterlife, pp. 117-62; Moore, Judaism in the First Centuries; Urbach, “The Sages;” Bialik and Ravnitzky, “Sefer Ha-Aggadah;” Gillman, The Death of Death; Neusner, “Judaism;” Goldenberg, “Bound Up in the Bond of Life.”
18. Stern, “Jewish Concepts.”
19. See Urbach, The Sages, pp. 167, 308.
20. See H. Freedman, “Academy on High.”
21. Steinberg, “Angelic Israel.”
22. Shemot Rabba 443-49; Midrash Shir. 13b; Debarim Rabba 77.
23. See for example Bereishit Rabba 99.2 and Shemoth Rabba 263; also see Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews.
24. See Sysling, Teḥiyqat Ha-Metim.
25. Smelik, “On the Mystical Transformation.” He suggests that the Rabbis were reluctant to articulate these ancient Jewish traditions fully because they suggested that the righteous were gods. But they did not totally suppress the traditions either. See Steinberg, “Angelic Israel.”
26. For more detail, see E. Wolfson, Through a Speculum That Shines.
27. Raphael, Jewish Views of the Afterlife.
28. See Rubenstein, Talmudic Stories.
29. For more information on these interesting legends, see Lindbeck, Story and Theology; older studies include Yassif, The Sacrifice of Isaac; Margaliot, Elijah the Prophet.
30. Here Novack, The Image of the Non-Jew, is right on the mark. But Christian scholarship has preceded him. For the history of scholarship on this point, see Dunn, Jesus and the Spirit; S. Wilson, Gentiles and the Gentile Mission; Richardson and Hurd, From Jesus to Paul.
31. See S. Wilson, Gentiles and the Gentile Mission. My interpretation depends heavily on Wilson’s observations about the textual traditions though softens Wilson’s arguments a bit.
32. See, for example, Waitz, “Das Problem des sog. Aposteldecrets.”
33. Spiegel, The Last Trial; A. Segal, “‘He Who Did Not Spare His only Son,’” pp. 157–78 and reprinted as “The Sacrifice of Isaac;” “The Akedah;” Hengel, The Atonement; Levenson, The Death and Resurrection.
34. See “Hekhalot Rabbati” 113ff. and “Midrash Ezkerah” 3.40.38-42 in Schaefer, Synopse zur Hekhalot-Literatur. See particularly, R. Abusch, “The Marytrdom of Emperor Lupinus.”
35. Fine, “Contemplative Death.”
Chapter 15. Islam and the Afterlife
1. J. Smith and Haddad, Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection; also see Ayyub, “Islam;” Brockopp, “Islam,” pp. 60-78; Chittick, “Your Sight Today Is Piercing.”
2. Very helpful in this regard is the Encyclopedia of Religion; Martin, Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies; Oxtaby, World Religions; as well as the introductions to Islam of Esposito (Islam) and K. Armstrong (Biography of the Prophet), for example.
3. During Muḥammad’s own day, his rival Musailimah (Thumamah ibn Kabir ibn Ḥabib) claimed the title. See the classic work of Widengren, Muḥammad, the Apostle of God, pp. 15ff. It is the second part of his monograph, The Ascension of the Apostle. This work is important even today, for its erudition and breadth of interest.
4. Peterson, “Muḥammad,” p. 502 n. 104.
5. Rodinson, Muhammed, p. 34.
6. See, for example the dissertation of F. Denny, which observed as early as 1974 that there was inadequate study of the apocalyptic nature of early Islam. More recently, M. Cook has given the phenomenon of Islamic apocalyptic further study in his Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic.
7. W. Smith, The Meaning and End of Religion.
8. Quoted from Idleman and Smith, The Islamic Understanding of Death, p. 1.
9. See Sachedina, Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism, p. 39.
10. See Ishaq, Life of Muḥammad, p. 232.
11. See, for example, M. R. Cohen, “The Legal Position of Jews.”
12. See M. Cook, Muḥammad; Crone and Cook, Hagarism.
13. Humphreys,