Life in a Medieval Village - Frances Gies [95]
78. Hilton, A Medieval Society, p. 163.
79. Bedfordshire Coroners’ Rolls, p. 4.
80. Ibid., p. 89.
81. Manning, Handlyng Synne, pp. 280-281.
82. Myrc, Instructions for Parish Priests, pp. 53-59.
83. Roberti Grosseteste Epistolae episcopi quondam Lincolniensis, ed. by H. R. Luard, London, 1861, p. 74, cited in Homans, English Villagers, p. 392.
84. Homans, English Villagers, p. 392.
85. Cited in Owst, Preaching in Medieval England, p. 268.
CHAPTER 7. THE VILLAGE AT WORK
1. E.M.R., p. 90; Raftis, “Farming Techniques,” in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 2, p. 329.
2. Ault, Open-Field Farming, pp. 22-23.
3. Gray, English Field Systems, especially pp. 39—49 and 71-82; Gray expresses the change from two-field to three-field as bringing “under tillage one-sixth more of the [total] arable” (p. 76); Homans, English Villagers, p. 57; Duby, Rural Economy and Country Life, pp. 22-23, 92-96; Miller and Hatcher, Medieval England, pp. 88-97.
4. Miller and Hatcher, Medieval England, pp. 89-97 for a general discussion of field systems; Homans, English Villagers, p. 54; Trevor Rowley, “Medieval Field Systems,” in Cantor, ed., The English Medieval Landscape, pp. 36-38.
5. Maurice Beresford, Studies in Leicestershire Agrarian History, London, 1949, p. 93, cited in Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 52.
6. E.M.R., p. 4.
7. Ibid., p. 34.
8. Ibid., p. 30.
9. Ibid., p. 3.
10. Miller and Hatcher, Medieval England, p. 99.
11. Ibid., p. 123.
12. E.M.R., p. xxx.
13. V.C.H. Hunts., vol. 1, p. 75; Rot. Hund., p. 657.
14. Cart. Rames., vol. 1, pp. 323-324.
15. Raftis, Estates of Ramsey Abbey, pp. 194-195; Robert R. Reynolds, Europe Emerges: Transition Toward an Industrial World-Wide Society, 600-1750, Madison, 1967, p. 132.
16. E.M.R., p. xxx.
17. Ibid., p. 4.
18. Ibid., p. 5.
19. John Langdon, “Agricultural Equipment,” in Astill and Grant, eds., Countryside of Medieval England, p. 96; Orwin and Orwin, The Open Fields, p. 12; Field, “Worcestershire Peasant Buildings,” pp. 123-125.
20. Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 20; Miller and Hatcher, Medieval England pp. 154-155.
21. Trow-Smith, British Livestock Husbandry, pp. 69-70.
22. Butser Hill Ancient Farm Project; M. L. Ryder, “Livestock,” in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 1, pt. 1, p. 349; E.M.R., p. lix; Trow-Smith, British Livestock Husbandry, vol. 1, p. 123.
23. Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 20.
24. Ibid., p. 22; Orwin and Orwin, The Open Fields, pp. 33-35; Homans, English Villagers, pp. 44-45.
25. Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 23.
26. Thirsk, “Farming Techniques,” in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 4, p. 166; Walter of Henley, p. 19.
27. Ibid., p. 19; J. A. Raftis, “Farming Techniques: the East Midlands,” in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 2, p. 327.
28. E.M.R., p. 249; Christopher Dyer, “Farming Techniques: the West Midlands,” in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 2, p. 378.
29. Homans, English Villagers, p. 40.
30. Walter of Henley, p. 13; Raftis, “Farming Techniques: the East Midlands,” in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 2, p. 327.
31. Dyer, Lords and Peasants, p. 69.
32. Walter of Henley, p. 15.
33. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond, p. 348.
34. Ault, Open-Field Farming, pp. 26-27.
35. Cart. Rames., vol. 1, p. 311; E.M.R., p. 173; Homans, English Villagers, pp. 269-270.
36. Cart. Rames., vol. 1, p. 311.
37. Ibid., vol. 1, pp. 311, 336.
38. E.M.R., p. 30.
39. Ibid., p. 3.
40. Ibid., p. 69.
41. Cart. Rames., vol. 1, p. 300.
42. Britton, Community of the Vill pp. 170-171; H. E. Hallam, “The Life of the People,” in The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 2, p. 838.
43. Walter of Henley (Hosbonderie), p. 69.
44. Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 28.
45. Cited in Ault, Open-Field Farming, p. 31 (Commentary on the Laws of England, vol. 3, p. 212, 1772).
46. Walter of Henley, p. 69; Homans, English Villagers, p. 103.
47. Hilton, A Medieval