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and Thomas Johnson, two NOI members who by then had been arrested for Malcolm X’s murder. Linwood X denied knowing the identities of Johnson and Butler from their photographs. He stated that neither man was in attendance at the Audubon Ballroom rally. Then, provocatively, according to police records, “Mr. Cathcart went on to say that Malcolm X could be compared to Benedict Arnold as he was also a traitor and that Allah takes care of us all.” See Augurs Linwood C. Cathcart interview with NYPD, March 22, 1965. Case File 871-65, Series I, MANY.

5 security people, he returned to his seat. Langston Savage grand jury testimony and NYPD interview with Langston Savage, March 22, 1965. Case File 871-65, Series I, MANY.

5 “We’re dealing with an entirely different group.” James 67X Warden (also known as Abdullah Abdur Razzaq and James Shabazz) interview, July 21, 2003.

5 to pay the manager that afternoon’s $150 fee. Officer William E. Confrey, “Interview of Mr. William Fogel, Manager of Audubon Ballroom, February 21, 1965.” Case File 871-65, Series I, MANY.

6 one of them was going to ignite a smoke bomb. Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X, pp. 418-19.

6 podium immediately following Benjamin’s introductions. Transcript of address by Benjamin 2X Goodman (also known as Benjamin Karim), delivered at the Audubon Ballroom, February 21, 1965. Copy and audiotape recording in possession of author.

6 Benjamin stepped down and returned to the backstage room. Ibid. Also see Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X, pp. 271-73.

6 Malcolm yelled out, “Hold it! Hold it!” Transcript of address by Benjamin 2X Goodman. Malcolm X’s initial remarks can be heard on the tape recording.

8 “our manhood, our living, black manhood.” Malcolm X and Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Ballantine, 1999), p. 462.

8 formed a Malcolm X Democrat Club. Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X, p. 378.

8 “any black cat in this curious place and time.” See James Baldwin, One Day, When I Was Lost: A Scenario Based on Alex Haley’s The Autobiography of Malcolm X (New York: Dell, 1972); David Leeming, James Baldwin: A Biography (New York: Henry Holt, 1994), pp. 297-99; and Brian Norman, “Reading a Closet Screenplay: Hollywood, James Baldwin’s Malcolm X and the Threat of Historical Irrelevance,” African American Review, vol. 39, no. 2 (Spring 2005), pp. 103-18.

8 promoting the reelection of Richard Nixon. Paul Deloney, “Black Parlays in Capital Hail Nixon and Thurmond,” New York Times, June 12, 1972.

8 a portrait of Malcolm on the cover of one of its CDs. William T. Strickland and Cheryll Y. Greene, eds., Malcolm X: Make It Plain (New York: Viking, 1994), p. 225.

8 “Quayle should think he’s talking about him.” Sam Roberts, “Dan Quayle, Malcolm X and American Values,” New York Times, June 15, 1992.

8 “a hero for black Americans today.” “Will the Real Malcolm X Please Stand Up?” Los Angeles Sentinel, January 7, 1993.

8 “undergirded his bond with blacks.” Gerald Horne, “‘Myth’ and the Making of ‘Malcolm X,’” American Historical Review, vol. 98, no. 2 (April 1993), p. 448.

8 “integrationist solution to racial problems.” Manning Marable, Living Black History: How Reimagining the African-American Past Can Remake America’s Racial Future (New York: Basic Civitas, 2006), p. 147.

10 “to the cause of liberating the black man.” Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography, p. xxv.

10 “cellblock had a name for me: ‘Satan.’” Ibid., p. 256.

11 “it was like having tea with a black panther.” Ibid., p. xxv.

11 his autobiography is highly exaggerated. See the analysis of Detroit Red’s criminal career in Rodnell P. Collins and Peter Bailey, Seventh Child: A Family Memoir of Malcolm X (New York: Kensington, 1998).

Chapter 1: “Up, You Mighty Race!”

15 on July 29, 1890. Early (Earl) Little’s death certificate, March 30, 1931, Michigan Department of Community Health, Division of Vital Statistics, State Official Number 1338243. Copy in possession of author. There is some uncertainty about the precise birth date of Earl