Malcolm X_ A Life of Reinvention - Manning Marable [318]
15 eight thousand bales each year. “Reynolds,” The Butler Herald (Georgia), June 20, 191 1.
15 second only to Mississippi in lynching deaths. Walter White, Rope and Faggot (New York: Arno, 1969), pp. 254-56.
15 especially in masonry, carpentry, and the mechanical trades. Sarah A. Soule, “Populism and Black Lynching in Georgia, 1890-1900,” Social Forces, vol. 71, no. 2 (December 1992), pp. 431-49.
16 before finally settling in Montreal. Ira Berlin, The Making of African America (New York: Viking, 2010), p. 172.
16 He did not bother to get a legal divorce. The early years of Earl Little, Sr., and Louise Norton are described in Strickland and Greene, eds., Malcolm X: Make It Plain. A literary treatment of the complex and often tense relationship between Malcolm’s parents is provided in Jan Carew, Ghosts in Our Blood: With Malcolm X in Africa, England, and the Caribbean (Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill, 1994). Also see Mary G. Rolinson, Grassroots Garveyism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), pp. 193-94.
16 small island homeland could provide. Louis A. DeCaro, Jr., On the Side of My People: A Religious Life of Malcolm X (New York: New York University Press, 1996), pp. 41-42. The 1930 census places Louise Little’s birth in 1898-99. On his 1959 passport application Malcolm states that his mother was born in 1896. See MX FBI, Summary Report, New York Office, November 17, 1959.
16 even sending delegations to international conventions. See Leo W. Bertley, “The Universal Negro Improvement Association of Montreal, 1917-1974,” Ph.D. dissertation, Concordia University, California, 1980.
17 advanced the national leadership of the reformers over their conservative rivals. There is a substantial body of scholarship on the conflict between Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois. The place to begin is with August Meier’s Negro Thought in America, 1880-1915 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1963). Other sources on Washington and Du Bois include Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856-1901 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972); Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskegee, 1901-1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); Kevin Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics and Culture in the Twentieth Century (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); Michael Rudolph West, The Education of Booker T. Washington (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006); Raymond Walters, W. E. B. Du Bois and His Rivals (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2002), and Manning Marable, W. E. B. Du Bois: Black Radical Democrat, second edition (Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2005).
17 religious and cultural institutions that nurtured black families. DeCaro, On the Side of My People, pp. 13-15.
17 naming their building Liberty Hall. Robert A. Hill and Barbara Blair, eds., Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), p. lxiv.
17 “is liberty, is real human rights.” Black Man, vol. 1 (July 1935), p. 5.
18 movement’s growing list of businesses. Marcus Garvey, “Autobiography,” in Hill and Blair, eds., Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons, pp. 92-93.
18 “the backward tribes of Africa.” Richard Brent Turner, Islam in the African-American Experience (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997), p. 81.
19 “Of the red, the black, and the green.” Garvey, “Autobiography,” in Hill and Blair, eds., Marcus Garvey: Life and Lessons, pp. 49-50.
19 “Order of Ethiopia and Dukes of Niger and of Uganda.” Kelly Miller, “After Marcus Garvey—What of the Negro?” Contemporary Review, vol. 131 (April 1927), pp. 492-500.
19 “religion to the Negroes of the world.” DeCaro, On the Side of My People, p. 15.
19 “is fundamentally