Malcolm X_ A Life of Reinvention - Manning Marable [326]
58 “actions that didn’t help Harlem to love the white man any.” Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography, p. 116.
58 Powell demanded LaGuardia be impeached. Capeci, “From Different Liberal Perspectives,” p. 166.
58 housing projects constructed under the city’s authority. Ibid., p. 167.
58 assigned to escort trolley cars and buses. Harvard Sitkoff, “The Detroit Race Riot of 1943,” Michigan History, vol. 53, no. 3 (1969), pp. 183-206; quotation from pp. 195-96.
59 “physical disturbances, aided and abetted indirectly.” Greenberg, “The Politics of Disorder,” pp. 426-27.
59 to blacks to “please go home and stay inside.” Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography, pp. 116-17.
59 black soldiers were simply going AWOL. See Harvard Sitkoff, “Racial Militancy and Interracial Violence in the Second World War,” Journal of American History, vol. 58, no. 3 (December 1971), pp. 661-81; and Paul T. Murray, “Blacks and the Draft: A History of Institutional Racism,” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 2, no. 1 (September 1971), pp. 57-76.
59 “to go and bleed for him? Let him fight.” Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography, p. 74.
60 “and I never heard from the Army anymore.” Ibid., pp. 108-10.
60 “sexual perversion, psychiatric rejection.” MX FBI, Memo, New York Office, January 28, 1955.
60 robberies and burglaries outside New York City. Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography, p. 112.
60 “We just barely escaped.” Ibid., p. 118.
61 the filth and hypocrisy of the white man. Ibid., p. 122.
61 failed to turn up any criminal charges or arrests. Goldman, The Death and Life of Malcolm X, pp. 30-31.
61 “no big-time racketeer or thug.” DeCaro, On the Side of My People, p. 69.
61 and subsequently “divide[d] the spoils.” Ibid.
61 New York City’s nearly all-white suburbs. Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography, p. 112.
61 and sales receipts from the purchase of the goods. Ibid., p. 115.
62 the margins of musical taste and commercialism. There is an impressive literature on the impact of bebop during World War II. For example, see Lott, “Double V, Double-Time: Bebop’s Politics of Style”; Scott DeVeaux, “Bebop and the Recording Industry: The 1942 AFM Recording Ban Reconsidered,” Journal of the American Musicological Society, vol. 41, no. 1 (Spring 1988), pp. 126-65; Ira Gitler, ed., Swing to Bop: An Oral History of the Transition of Jazz in the 1940s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985); and Scott DeVeaux, The Birth of Bebop: A Social and Musical History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
62 could not be so easily exploited and commodified. Frank Kofsky, Black Nationalism and the Revolution in Music (New York: Pathfinder, 1970), p. 56.
63 he had observed in Harlem as “the Zoot Effect.” Eric Lott, “Double V, Double-Time,” pp. 597-605.
63 “for the expression of outraged protest.” Kofsky, Black Nationalism and the Revolution in Music, pp. 64-65.
63 spirit of rebellion and artistic nonconformity. Ibid.
64 “usually to those spruced-up bars which he had sold to someone.” Malcolm X and Haley, Autobiography, pp. 126-27.
64 “but under proper guidance, a good boy.” John T. Herstrom, July 23, 1946, Prison File of Malcolm Little, Office of Public Safety and Security, Department of Corrections, Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
64 He was nineteen years old. “Malcolm Little Criminal Record,” ibid.; and MX FBI, Memo, Boston Office, February 17, 1953.
65 a warrant was issued for his arrest. Malcolm Little, “Out-State Progress Report,” February 14, 1953, Division of Pardons, Paroles, and Probation, State of Michigan, in Prison File of Malcolm Little.
65 speculation in the years following Malcolm’s death. Bruce Perry’s Malcolm asserts that on several occasions in 1944-45 Malcolm engaged in homosexual acts for payment. These “male-to-male encounters,” Perry observes, “afforded him an opportunity for sexual release. . . .ʺ Perry also cites sexual encounters in Boston in 1945 where a wealthy white