Manufacturing Consent_ The Political Economy of the Mass Media - Edward S. Herman [285]
139. Cited by Hersh, Price of Power, p. 604.
140. New Republic, January 27, 1973. He notes that the Paris Agreements were “nearly the same” as the October agreements that “broke apart two months later,” for reasons unexamined.
141. James N. Wallace, U.S. News & World Report, February 26, 1973.
142. Boston Globe, January 25, 1973, cited by Porter, A Peace Denied, 181.
143. January 25, 1973; see State Department Bulletin, February 12, 1973, with slight modifications.
144. For a detailed examination, see Chomsky “Indochina and the Fourth Estate.”
145. Boston Globe, April 2, 1973.
146. New York Times, March 1, 1973.
147. New Republic, February 17, 1973.
148. Newsweek, February 5, 1973.
149. Christian Science Monitor, March 30, 1973.
150. For documentation, see our article in Ramparts (December 1974); Maynard Parker, Foreign Affairs (January 1975); Porter, A Peace Denied. See Porter on Pentagon assessments of North Vietnamese military activities and operations, very limited in comparison to the U.S.-GVN offensive in violation of the cease-fire and the agreements generally.
151. Robert Greenberger, Wall Street Journal, August 17; Neil Lewis, New York Times, August 18, 1987. For further details and the general background, see Noam Chomsky, The Culture of Terrorism (Boston: South End Press, 1988), part 2, chapter 7.
152. “Proper Uses of Power,” New York Times, October 30, 1983. On the ways the task was addressed in the early postwar years, see our PEHR, vol. 2, largely devoted to the media and Indochina during the 1975–78 period.
153. See the Trilateral Commission study cited in note 3.
154. PP, IV, 420; Journal of International Affairs 25.1 (1971).
155. Mark McCain, Boston Globe, December 9, 1984; memo of May 19, 1967, released during the Westmoreland-CBS libel trial.
156. Memorandum for the secretary of defense by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, February 12, 1968, in Gareth Porter, ed., Vietnam: A History in Documents (New York: Meridian, 1981), pp. 354f.; PP, IV, 541, 564, 482, 478, 217, 197.
157. John E. Rielly, Foreign Policy (Spring 1983, Spring 1987). Rielly, ed., American Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy 1987, Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, p. 33. In the 1986 poll, the percentage of the public that regarded the Vietnam War as “fundamentally wrong and immoral” was 66 percent, as compared with 72 percent in 1978 and 1982. Among “leaders” (including representatives of churches, voluntary organizations, and ethnic organizations), the percentage was 44 percent, as compared with 45 percent in 1982 and 50 percent in 1978. The editor takes this to indicate “some waning of the impact of the Vietnam experience with the passage of time”; and, perhaps, some impact of the propaganda system, as memories fade and people are polled who lack direct experience.
158. New Republic, January 22, 1977; see Marilyn Young, “Critical Amnesia,” The Nation, April 2, 1977, on this and similar reviews of Emerson’s Winners and Losers.
159. John Midgley, New York Times Book Review, June 30, 1985; Drew Middleton, New York Times, July 6, 1985.
160. Review of Paul Johnson, Modern Times, in New York Times Book Review, June 26, 1983, p. 15.
161. New York Times, May 28, 1984. A CIA analysis of April 1968 estimated that “80,000 enemy troops,” overwhelmingly South Vietnamese, were killed during the Tet offensive. See note 44, above.
162. Arthur Westing, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (February 1981); Colin Norman, Science, March 11, 1983, citing the conclusion of an international conference in Ho Chi Minh City; Jim Rogers, Indochina Issues,