Manufacturing Consent_ The Political Economy of the Mass Media - Edward S. Herman [286]
163. Ton That Thien, Pacific Affairs (Winter 1983–84); Chitra Subramaniam, Pacific News Service, November 15, 1985; both writing from Geneva.
164. News conference, March 24, 1977; New York Times, March 25, 1977.
165. Bernard Gwertzman, New York Times, March 3, 1985.
166. Barbara Crossette, New York Times, November 10, 1985, February 28, 1988; AP, April 7, 1988.
167. John Corry, New York Times, April 27, 1985.
168. Time, April 15, 1985. The discussion here is in part drawn from Noam Chomsky, “Visions of Righteousness,” Cultural Critique (Spring 1986).
169. Wall Street Journal, April 4, 1985. An exception was Newsweek (Apr. 15, 1985), which devoted four pages of its thirty-three-page account to a report by Tony Clifton and Ron Moreau on the effects of the war on the “wounded land.” The New York Times retrospective includes one Vietnamese, a defector to the West, who devotes a few paragraphs of his five-page denunciation of the enemy to the character of the war, and there are scattered references in other retrospectives.
170. Presidential adviser Walt W. Rostow, formerly a professor at MIT, now a respected commentator on public affairs and economic historian at the University of Texas, The View from the Seventh Floor (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), p. 244. Rostow’s account of Mao and North Korea is as fanciful as his remarks on Indochina, as serious scholarship shows.
171. Stuart Creighton Miller, “Benevolent Assimilation” (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 271.
172. Allan E. Goodman and Seth P. Tillman, New York Times, March 24, 1985.
173. New York Times, March 31, 1985. Charles Krauthammer, New Republic, March 4, 1985.
174. On Lebanese opinion and the scandalous refusal of the media to consider it, and the general context, see Noam Chomsky, Fateful Triangle (Boston: South End Press, 1983).
175. It is widely argued that the United States supported France in Indochina out of concern for French participation in the U.S.-run European military system. This appears to be a minor factor at best, and one can also make a case that the reverse was true: that support for France in Europe was motivated by concern that France might “abandon Indochina” (see Geoffrey Warner, “The USA and the Rearmament of West Germany,” International Affairs [Spring 1985]). This factor also fails to explain U.S. efforts to keep the French in Indochina, and to take up their cause after they withdrew.
176. Cited by Porter, A Peace Denied, p. 36, from 1966 congressional hearings.
177. See, inter alia, essays in PP, V, by John Dower, Richard DuBoff, and Gabriel Kolko; FRS, chapter 1.V; Thomas McCormick, in Williams et al., America in Vietnam; Michael Schaller, “Securing the Great Crescent,” Journal of American History (September 1982).
178. See p. 174, above, and PEHR, vol. 1, chapter 4.
179. Gelb, “10 Years After Vietnam, U.S. a Power in Asia,” New York Times, April 18, 1985, quoting Professor Donald Zagoria.
180. See FRS, pp. 48f., citing upbeat analyses from the Far Eastern Economic Review in 1972.
181. Far Eastern Economic Review, October 11, 1984.
182. See AWWA, p. 286.
183. Fox Butterfield, “The New Vietnam Scholarship: Challenging the Old Passions,” New York Times Magazine, February 13, 1983, referring specifically to Race’s study cited earlier, an in-depth analysis of the NLF victory in rural areas prior to the escalation of the U.S. war in 1965, “invalidated” by events that occurred years later, according to Butterfield’s interesting logic.
184. See our PEHR, II, 84, 166ff., 342; Daniel Southerland, “No Pens and Pencils for Cambodia,” Christian Science Monitor, December 4, 1981; AP, “U.S. Bars Mennonite School Aid to Cambodia,” New York Times, December 8, 1981; Joel Charny and John Spragens, Obstacles to Recovery in Vietnam and Kampuchea: U.S. Embargo of Humanitarian