Microcosm_ E. Coli and the New Science of Life - Carl Zimmer [115]
BUT BACTERIA SUCH AS E. COLI: Brock, 1990; Judson, 1996.
MANY RESEARCHERS LOOKED AT BACTERIA: Brock, 1990.
“THE TERM ‘GENE’ CAN THEREFORE BE USED”: quote from Gray and Tatum, 1944, p. 410; see also Tatum and Lederberg, 1947.
“THE LONG-SHOT GAMBLE”: Lederberg, 1987, p. 26.
“HOORAY ”: Lederberg, 1946.
“BACTERIAL VIRUSES MAKE THEMSELVES KNOWN”: quoted in Judson, 1996, p. 33.
THEY CALLED THEMSELVES THE PHAGE CHURCH: Stahl, 2001.
IT WAS SOMETHING CALLED DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty, 1979.
“SO STUPID A SUBSTANCE”: quoted in Judson, 1996, p. 40.
HERSHEY AND CHASE CONFIRMED HIS CONCLUSION: Hershey and Chase, 1952.
“A POWERFUL NEW PROOF”: Watson, 1969, p. 119.
“THE UNTWIDDLING PROBLEM”: quoted in Holmes, 2001, p. 78.
DELBRÜCK TRIED TO ANSWER THE QUESTION: Delbrück, 1954.
THE MOST BEAUTIFUL EXPERIMENT IN BIOLOGY: Meselson and Stahl, 1958.
AT THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION: R. B. Roberts, 1955.
“AN ESSENTIALLY UNIVERSAL CODE”: Marshall, Caskey, and Nirenberg, 1967, p. 826.
“TODAY, WE ARE LEARNING THE LANGUAGE”: Clinton, 2000.
MANY BIOLOGISTS HAVE SPENT THEIR CAREERS: Echols, 2001; Neidhardt, 1996; Schaechter, Ingraham, and Neidhardt, 2006.
AN ENORMOUS PRESSURE INSIDE E. COLI: Norris et al., 2007.
TO UNCOVER ITS PATHWAYS: Sauer, Heinemann, and Zamboni, 2007.
E. COLI NEEDS IRON TO LIVE: Andrews, Robinson, and Rodriguez-Quinones, 2003; Wandersman and Delepelaire, 2004.
SUNLIGHT STRIKES THE PLANET: Michaelian, 2005.
THE FIRST SCIENTIST TO GET A GOOD LOOK: Berg, 2004.
WHERE THEY ACT LIKE A MICROBIAL TONGUE: Thiem, Kentner, and Sourjik, 2007.
ASTONISHINGLY TINY CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF MOLECULES: Bray, Levin, and Lipkow, 2007.
IT MAY BE MORE LIKE A BRAIN: M. D. Baker, Wolanin, and Stock, 2006.
WITH SOME LOOSE DNA TOSSED IN LIKE A BOWL OF TANGLED SPAGHETTI: Harold, 2005.
TO DIVIDE ALL OF LIFE INTO TWO GREAT GROUPS: Sapp, 2005.
HOW E. COLI ORGANIZES ITS DNA: Higgins, 2005; Thanbichler and Shapiro, 2006; Willenbrock and Ussery, 2004.
YET E. COLI CAN DO ALL OF THAT: O’Donnell, 2006.
TWO NEW CHROMOSOMES FORM: Jun and Mulder, 2006; Norris et al., 2007; Thanbichler and Shapiro, 2006; Woldringh and Nanninga, 2006.
A PROTEIN CALLED FTSZ: Bernhardt and de Boer, 2005; Goehring and Beckwith, 2005; Margolin, 2005.
INSTEAD, E. COLI SLAMS ON THE BRAKES: D. E. Chang, Smalley, and Conway, 2002; Higgins, 2005; Nystrom, 2004.
THREE: THE SYSTEM
ONE DAY IN JULY 1958: Jacob, 1995.
IT WOULD TAKE YEARS OF RESEARCH: Müller-Hill, 1996.
IN ANIMALS LIKE OURSELVES: Ben-Shahar et al., 2006.
SCIENTISTS HAVE CONTINUED TO PAY CLOSE ATTENTION: Alon, 2007.
IT ACTS AS A NOISE FILTER: Kalir, Mangan, and Alon, 2005.
FEED-FORWARD LOOPS ARE UNUSUALLY COMMON IN NATURE: Milo et al., 2002.
HE AND HIS COLLEAGUES BEGAN TO ANALYZE ITS HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS: Kurata et al., 2006.
BERNHARD PALSSON, A BIOLOGIST AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO: Feist et al., 2007.
WHY DOES IT CHOOSE AMONG THE BEST FEW?: Trinh et al., 2006.
THE PICTURE THEY SEE: Ma and Zeng, 2003; Sauer, 2006.
THE BOW TIE ARCHITECTURE IN E. COLI: Csete and Doyle, 2004; Doyle and Csete, 2005; Doyle et al., 2005; Tanaka, Csete, and Doyle, 2005; Zhou, Carlson, and Doyle, 2005.
DANIEL KOSHLAND, A SCIENTIST AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY: Spudich and Koshland, 1976.
AARON NOVICK AND MILTON WEINER: Novick and Weiner, 1957.
SOME MICROBES WERE DARK: Elowitz et al., 2002.
THEY TURN OUT TO BE RESPONSIBLE: Ozbudak et al., 2004.
THEY SPEND MOST OF THEIR TIME SLIDING UP AND DOWN THE MICROBE’S DNA: Elf, Li, and Xie, 2007.
E. COLI WILL PULL METHYL GROUPS OFF ITS DNA: Lim and van Oudenaarden, 2007.
SOME OF THE FACTORS THAT SPIN THE WHEEL: Raser and O’Shea, 2005.
THE FIRST CLONED KITTEN, WHICH THEY NAMED CC: Shin et al., 2002.
FOUR: THE E. COLI WATCHER’S FIELD GUIDE
AN ISLAND VOLCANO CALLED KRAKATAU: For an excellent account of the history and ecology of this eruption, see Thornton, 1996.
TO MICROBES, A NEWBORN CHILD IS A KRAKATAU: Dethlefsen et al., 2006.
E. COLI IS A PIONEER: Wolfe, 2005.
“A ZEN-LIKE PHYSIOLOGY