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“Response to ‘The High Cost of Skepticism,’” Skeptical Inquirer, pp. 61, 63; his quote (“My research yielded important information…”) is on p. 63; Carol Tavris’s reply to Berent, same issue, pp. 64–65. On February 12, 2003, the Office for Human Research Protections wrote to the vice president for research at the University of Michigan, noting that the university’s Institutional Review Board, of which Stanley Berent had been head, had “failed to document the specific criteria for waiver of informed consent” for Berent and Albers’ research. The case of CSX, its arrangement with Stanley Berent and James Albers, and their conflict of interest is also described in depth in Sheldon Krimsky (2003), Science in the Private Interest. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 152–153.

2 Joyce Ehrlinger, Thomas Gilovich, and Lee Ross (2005), “Peering into the Bias Blind Spot: People’s Assessments of Bias in Themselves and Others,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, pp. 680–692; Emily Pronin, Daniel Y. Lin, and Lee Ross (2002), “The Bias Blind Spot: Perceptions of Bias in Self versus Others,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, pp. 369–381. Our blind spots also allow us to see ourselves as being smarter and more competent than most people, which is why all of us, apparently, feel we are above average. See David Dunning, Kerri Johnson, Joyce Ehrlinger, and Justin Kruger (2003), “Why People Fail to Recognize Their Own Incompetence,” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, pp. 83–87.

3 Quoted in Eric Jaffe (2004, October), “Peace in the Middle East May Be Impossible: Lee D. Ross on Naive Realism and Conflict Resolution,” American Psychological Society Observer, 17, pp. 9–11.

4 Geoffrey L. Cohen (2003), “Party over Policy: The Dominating Impact of Group Influence on Political Beliefs,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, pp. 808–822. See also Donald Green, Bradley Palmquist, and Eric Schickler (2002), Partisan Hearts and Minds: Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters. New Haven: Yale University Press. This book shows how once people form a political identity, usually in young adulthood, the identity does their thinking for them. That is, most people do not choose a party because it reflects their views; rather, once they choose a party, its policies become their views.

5 Emily Pronin, Thomas Gilovich, and Lee Ross (2004), “Objectivity in the Eye of the Beholder: Divergent Perceptions of Bias in Self versus Others,” Psychological Review, 111, pp. 781–799.

6 When privilege is a result of birth or another fluke of fortune, rather than merit, many of its possessors will justify it as providing benefits they earned. John Jost and his colleagues have been studying the processes of system justification, a psychological motive to defend and justify the status quo; see, for example, John Jost and Orsolya Hunyady (2005), “Antecedents and Consequences of System-Justifying Ideologies,” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, pp. 260 -265. One such system-justifying ideology is that the poor may be poor, but they are happier and more honest than the rich: Aaron C. Kay and John T. Jost (2003), “Complementary Justice: Effects of ‘Poor But Happy’ and ‘Poor But Honest’ Stereotype Exemplars on System Justification and Implicit Activation of the Justice Motive,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, pp. 823–837. See also Stephanie M. Wildman (ed.) (1996), Privilege Revealed: How Invisible Preference Undermines America. New York University Press.

7 D. Michael Risinger and Jeffrey L. Loop (2002, November), “Three Card Monte, Monty Hall, Modus Operandi and ‘Offender Profiling’: Some Lessons of Modern Cognitive Science for the Law of Evidence,” Cardozo Law Review, 24, p. 193.

8 Dorothy Samuels, “Tripping Up on Trips: Judges Love Junkets as Much as Tom DeLay Does,” The New York Times fourth editorial, January 20, 2006.

9 Melody Petersen, “A Conversation with Sheldon Krimsky: Uncoupling Campus and Company,” The New York Times, September 23, 2003. Krimsky also recounted the Jonas