Mistakes Were Made - Carol Tavris [127]
5 Some studies find that combined approaches—medication plus cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT)—are most effective; others find that CBT does as well. For a review of the issues and bibliography of research studies, see the American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice (2006), “Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology,” American Psychologist, 61, pp. 271–283. See also Dianne Chambless et al. (1998), “Update on Empirically Validated Therapies,” The Clinical Psychologist, 51, pp. 3–16, and Steven D. Hollon, Michael E. Thase, and John C. Markowitz (2002), “Treatment and Prevention of Depression,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 3, pp. 39–77. These articles contain excellent references regarding empirically validated forms of psychotherapy for different problems.
6 Tanya M. Luhrmann (2000), Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry. New York: Knopf. Her findings echo precisely what Jonas Robitscher described about his profession in 1980, in The Powers of Psychiatry. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
7 For an excellent review of the issues and the rise of pseudoscientific methods and practices in psychotherapy—including unvalidated assessment tests, treatments for autism and ADHD, and popular therapies—see Scott O. Lilienfeld, Steven Jay Lynn, and Jeffrey M. Lohr (eds.) (2003), Science and Pseudoscience in Contemporary Clinical Psychology. New York: Guilford. And for the other side of the story, articles on the most important contributions of clinical science, see Scott O. Lilienfeld and William T. O’Donohue (eds.) (2007), The Great Ideas of Clinical Science. New York: Routledge.
8 On evidence that hypnosis is effective for a large number of acute and chronic pain conditions, see David R. Patterson and Mark P. Jensen (2003), “Hypnosis and Clinical Pain,” Psychological Bulletin, 29, pp. 495–521. Hypnosis can also add to the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral techniques for losing weight, quitting smoking, and other behavior problems; see Irving Kirsch, Guy Montgomery, and Guy Sapirstein (1995), “Hypnosis as an Adjunct to Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 2, pp. 214–220. But the evidence is overwhelming that hypnosis is unreliable as a way of retrieving memories, which is why the American Psychological Association and the American Medical Association oppose the use of “hypnotically refreshed” testimony in courts of law. See Steven Jay Lynn, Timothy Lock, Elizabeth Loftus, Elisa Krackow, and Scott O. Lilienfeld (2003), “The Remembrance of Things Past: Problematic Memory Recovery Techniques in Psychotherapy,” in Lilienfeld, Lohr, and Lynn, Science and Pseudoscience in Contemporary Clinical Psychology (note 7); and John F. Kihlstrom (1994), “Hypnosis, Delayed Recall, and the Principles of Memory,” International Journal of Experimental Hypnosis, 42, pp. 337–345.
9 Paul Meehl (1986, Summer), “Psychology: Does Our Heterogenous Subject Matter Have Any Unity?” Minnesota Psychologist, p. 4.
10 Bessel van der Kolk’s deposition was taken by attorney and psychologist R. Christopher Barden in van der Kolk’s office in Boston, MA, December 27 and 28, 1996. This deposition was available online at the Web site of attorney Timothy Conlon, representing the plaintiffs. On Conlon’s Web site, under “Deposition of Bessell [sic] van der Kolk,” the psychiatrist is still described as “a leading authority on trauma and its effect on memory,” and the dates of the deposition taken by Barden are noted; but the deposition itself has since been removed. http://www.tjcesq.com/CM/OnlineDocuments/OnlineDocuments19 .asp.
11 John F. Kihlstrom (2004), “An Unbalanced Balancing