Mistakes Were Made - Carol Tavris [128]
12 Sigmund Freud (1924), “The Dissolution of the Oedipus Complex,” in J. Strachey (ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19). London: Hogarth.
13 Rosenzweig wrote: “On two separate occasions (1934 and 1937), first in gothic script and then in English, Freud made a similar negative response to any attempts to explore psychoanalytic theory by laboratory methods. This exchange clearly underscored Freud’s distrust of, if not opposition to, experimental approaches to the validation of his clinically derived concepts. Freud consistently believed that the clinical validation of his theories, which were based originally and continuously on his self-analysis, left little to be desired from other sources of support.” In Saul Rosenzweig (1997), “Letters by Freud on Experimental Psychodynamics,” American Psychologist, 52, p. 571. See also Saul Rosenzweig (1985), “Freud and Experimental Psychology: The Emergence of Idio-Dynamics,” in S. Koch and D. E. Leary (eds.), A Century of Psychology as Science. New York: McGraw-Hill. This book was reissued by the American Psychological Association in 1992.
14 See, for example, Lynn et al., “The Remembrance of Things Past,” note 8.
15 Michael Nash offers one example in his 1994 article, “Memory Distortion and Sexual Trauma: The Problem of False Negatives and False Positives,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 42, pp. 346–362.
16 McNally, Remembering Trauma, p. 275.
17 The recovered-memory advocates in question are Daniel Brown, Alan W. Scheflin, and D. Corydon Hammond (1998), authors of Memory, Trauma Treatment, and the Law, New York: W. W. Norton; their rendering of the Camp Erika study, p. 156. For a review of this book that documents its authors’ long association with the recovered-memory movement, their belief in the prevalence of Satanic ritual-abuse cults, and their endorsement of the use of hypnosis to “recover” memories of abuse and generate multiple personalities, see Frederick Crews’s “The Trauma Trap,” New York Review of Books, 51, March 11, 2004. This essay has been reprinted, with other writings exposing the fallacies of the recovered-memory movement, in Frederick Crews (2006), Follies of the Wise. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker & Hoard.
18 Rosemary Basson, Rosemary McInnes, Mike D. Smith, Gemma Hodgson, and Nandan Koppiker (2002, May), “Efficacy and Safety of Sildenafil Citrate in Women with Sexual Dysfunction Associated with Female Sexual Arousal Disorder,” Journal of Women’s Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 11, pp. 367–377.
19 Joan Kaufman and Edward Zigler (1987), “Do Abused Children Become Abusive Parents?” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57, pp. 186–192. Ever since Freud, of course, there has been a widespread cultural assumption that childhood trauma always, inevitably, produces adult psychopathology. Research has shattered this assumption, too. Psychologist Ann Masten has observed that most people assume there is something special and rare about the children who recover from adversity. But “the great surprise” of the research, she concluded, is how ordinary resilience is. Most children are remarkably resilient, eventually overcoming even the effects of war, childhood illness, having abusive or alcoholic parents, early deprivation, or being sexually molested. See Ann Masten (2001), “Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development,” American Psychologist, 56, pp. 227–238.
20 For example, William Friedrich, Jennifer Fisher, Daniel Broughton, et al. (1988), “Normative Sexual Behavior in Children: A Contemporary Sample,” Pediatrics, 101, pp. 1–8. See also www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/4/ e9. For an excellent review of the behavioral-genetics research on the stability of temperament regardless of a child’s experiences, see Judith