Mistakes Were Made - Carol Tavris [132]
10 The main problem with the Voice Stress Analyzer is that the confirmation bias gets in the way. If you think the suspect is guilty, you interpret the microtremors as signs of lying, and if you think the suspect is innocent, you pay them no attention. For a bibliography and review of some of this research, see http://www.polygraph.org/voicestress.htm.
11 Quoted in Paul E. Tracy (with the collaboration of Ralph Claytor and Chris McDonough) (2003), Who Killed Stephanie Crowe?Dallas, TX: Brown Books, p. 334.
12 The account of Vic Caloca’s involvement in the case, including the quotes by him, comes from a story written by investigative reporters John Wilkens and Mark Sauer, “A Badge of Courage: In the Crowe Case, This Cop Ignored the Politics while Pursuing Justice,” The San Diego Union-Tribune, July 11, 2004. Druliner’s quote is in Mark Sauer and John Wilkens, “Tuite Found Guilty of Manslaughter,” The San Diego Union-Tribune, May 27, 2004.
13 Deanna Kuhn, Michael Weinstock, and Robin Flaton (1994), “How Well Do Jurors Reason? Competence Dimensions of Individual Variation in a Juror Reasoning Task,” Psychological Science, 5, pp. 289–296.
14 Don DeNevi and John H. Campbell (2004), Into the Minds of Madmen: How the FBI’s Behavioral Science Unit Revolutionized Crime Investigation. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, p. 33. This book is, unintentionally, a case study of the unscientific training of the FBI’s Behavioral Science Unit.
15 Quoted in Tracy, Who Killed Stephanie Crowe?, p. 184; note 11.
16 Quoted on CBS’s Eye to Eye with Connie Chung (1994).
17 Introductory comments by Steven Drizin, “Prosecutors Won’t Oppose Tankleff’s Hearing,” The New York Times on the Web, May 13, 2004.
18 Edward Humes (1999), Mean Justice. New York: Pocket Books, p. 181.
19 Andrew J. McClurg (1999), “Good Cop, Bad Cop: Using Cognitive Dissonance Theory to Reduce Police Lying,” U.C. Davis Law Review, 32, pp. 389–453. First quote, p. 394; second, p. 429.
20 This excuse is so common that it, too, has spawned a new term: “dropsy” testimony. David Heilbroner, a former New York assistant district attorney, wrote: “In dropsy cases, officers justify a search by the oldest of means: they lie about the facts. As I was coming around the corner I saw the defendant drop the drugs on the sidewalk, so I arrested him. It was an old line known to everyone in the justice system. One renowned federal judge many years ago complained that he had read the same testimony in too many cases for it to be believed any longer as a matter of law.” David Heilbroner (1990), Rough Justice: Days and Nights of a Young D.A. New York: Pantheon, p. 29.
21 McClurg, “Good Cop, Bad Cop,” note 19, p. 391, quoting from the City of New York Commission to Investigate Allegations of Police Corruption and the Anti-Corruption Procedures of the Police Department: Commission Report 36 (1994), referred to as the Mollen Commission Report.
22 Norm Stamper (2005), Breaking Rank: A Top Cop’s Exposé of the Dark Side of American Policing. New York: Nation Books. See also “Let Those Dopers Be,” Stamper’s op-ed essay for the Los Angeles Times, October 16, 2005.
23 Quoted in McClurg, “Good Cop, Bad Cop,” note 19, pp. 413, 415.
24 In Suffolk County, New York, in September 1988, homicide detective K. James McCready was summoned to a home where he found the body of Arlene Tankleff, who had been stabbed and beaten to death, and her husband, Seymour, who also had been brutally attacked. (He died a few weeks later.) Within hours, McCready declared that he had solved the case: The killer was the couple’s son, Martin, age seventeen. During the interrogation, McCready repeatedly told Martin that he knew he had killed his parents because his father had briefly come out of his coma before dying and told police that Marty was his attacker. This was a lie. “I used trickery and deceit,” McCready said. “I don’t think he did it. I know he did it.” The teenager finally confessed that he must have killed his parents while in a blackout. When the family lawyer arrived on the scene, Martin Tankleff immediately