Pakistan_ A Hard Country - Anatol Lieven [281]
21 John Wyndham, The Kraken Wakes (Penguin, London, 1956), pp. 203 – 6.
22 Sir Denzil Ibbetson, Panjab Castes (Civil and Military Gazette Press, Lahore, 1883, reprinted Sang-e-Meel, Lahore, 2001), p. 1.
2 THE STRUGGLE FOR MUSLIM SOUTH ASIA
1 Faiz Ahmed Faiz, ‘You tell us what to do’, in The True Subject: Selected Poems of Faiz Ahmed Faiz, translated by Naomi Lezard (Vanguard Books, Lahore, 1988), p. 63.
2 Iqbal Akhund, Trial and Error: The Advent and Eclipse of Benazir Bhutto (Oxford University Press, Karachi, 2000), p. 116.
3 This was true both of architecture and of human cultural resources. At partition, India got to keep the greater part of the Muslim cultural intelligentsia and – most miserably of all for most Pakistanis – of the nascent film world. India’s Bollywood film industry would not exist in its present form without the contribution of great Muslim actors, actresses, directors and composers: Nargis, Waheeda Rehman, Shabana Azmi, Naseeruddin Shah, the greatest male hearthrob of the present age Shah Rukh Khan, and many others. On the other hand, in Saadat Hasan Manto, who left for Pakistan, Bollywood lost what could have been its greatest writer.
4 Indeed, Muslim forces were as responsible for the fall of the Mughal empire as Hindus, Sikhs or the British. The single most shattering moment in the Mughal collapse was the capture and sack of Delhi itself in 1739 by the Persian and Afghan forces of Nadir Shah, an event so ghastly that it is still commemorated by an Urdu word for atrocity, nadirshahi. In 1761, the city was sacked again by the founder of Afghanistan, Ahmed Shah Durrani.
5 This belief also permeates the Pakistani diaspora in Britain; and not just ordinary people, but members of the educated elites as well. Thus at a meeting of the Pakistan Society of University College London which I addressed on 3 February 2010, the great majority of students who spoke thought that the US or Israel had carried out the 9/11 attacks. If this is true of students in Britain, then the chances of the West persuading students in Pakistan to support Western policy would seem negligible.
6 Cited in Penderel Moon, Divide and Quit (Chatto & Windus, London, 1964), p. 11.
7 Cited by S. M. Burke, Landmarks of the Pakistan Movement (Punjab University Press, Lahore, 2001), p. 182.
8 Ayesha Jalal, The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985).
9 A curious last echo of Muslim League hopes for a united confederal India is to be found in the fact that the inscriptions on the tombs of Jinnah and his deputy Liaquat Ali in Karachi are in both Urdu and Hindi.
10 Peter Hardy, The Muslims of British India (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1972), p. 239.
11 Ian Talbot, Pakistan: A Modern History (Hurst & Co., London, 2005), p. 120.
12 Cited in Shafqat Tanveer Mirza, Resistance Themes in Punjabi Literature (Sang-e-Meel, Lahore, 1992), p. 162. I have changed the English translation slightly to eliminate bad grammar.
13 Liaquat’s assassination in 1951 was the first in a long series of unexplained killings of Pakistani politicians, which have contributed greatly to the conspiracy-mindedness which is one of the biggest curses of intellectual life and public debate in Pakistan.
14 Figures at http://www.tradingeconomics.com/Economics/GDP-Growth.aspx?Symbol=PKR.
15 For a description and analysis of the concept of modern ‘Sultanism’, see H. E. Chehabi and Juan J. Linz, Sultanistic Regimes (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 1998).
16 Interview with the author, Lahore, 15/10/1988.
3 JUSTICE
1 Cited in G. C. J. J. van den Bergh, ‘The Concept of Folk Law in Historical Context: A Brief Outline’, in Alison Dundes Renteln and Alan Dundes (eds), Folk Law: Essays in the Theory and Practice of Lex Non Scripta, vol. I (University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, 1995), p. 7.
2 Interview with the author, Mohmand Agency, 2/9/2008.
3 Ibid.
4 Akbar Hussain Allahabadi (1846 – 1921), in The Best of Urdu Poetry, translated with an introduction by Khushwant