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42 Carey, Unity ofLaw xvii-xix, 27-28,92-93,270-80,325-27; Carey, Principles of social ,Science, 1:40; F. Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England (London: Penguin, 1987 [18451),139-49; Sklansky,.Soul's Econorny, 75-76; E. P. Smith to Carey, October 21,1854, HSP CS, ECG, HCC Papers, Box 77, folder 16.

43 K. Marx, Capital, 3 vols. (London: Penguin, 19go-90, 1:705-6. For commonplacing, see A. Blair, "Reading Strategies for Coping with Information Overload, ca. 1550-1700,"Jour nal of the Histoiy of Ideas 64 (2003):11-28; A. Moss, Printed Commonplace-Books and the ,Structun ing of Renaissance Thought (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1996).

44 E. L. Youmans, ed., The Correlation and Conservation of Forces (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1865). For Carey's use of this, see, e.g., Unity ofLaw, xi-xii.

45 Youmans, Correlation and Conservation ofForces, xxxvi.

46 Fiske, Youmans, 184-85.

47 H. Greeley, Essays Designed to Elucidate the Science ofPolitical Economy (Boston: Fields, Osgood, and Co., 1870),49-51.

48 Carey, Letters on International Copyright (1853), 8; Carey, The Way to Outdo England, 31; H. C. Carey, The Resources of the Union (Philadelphia: H. C. Baird, 1866), 22; Carey, Unity ofLaw 206-9; Carey, Commerce, Christianity, and Civilization, 5-6,18-20, 24.

49 Carey, Principles ofSocialScience, 2:123, 251.

50 Carey, Unity ofLaw 101-2, I11.

51 Carey, Resources of the Uniou, 24; Carey, The Way to Outdo England, 31.

52 Carey, Principles of . SocialScience,1:322-25; Carey, Unity ofLaw, 99, 172, 182; Carey, The Prospect, 83.

53 Carey, Letters on International Copyright (1853), 37-48,54, 65, 70-71; Carey, International Copyright Question Considered, 23.

54 Carey, Letters on International Copyright (1853), 28; H. C. Carey, Letters on International Copyright, 2nd ed. (NewYork: Hurd and Houghton, 1868), 11.

55 Carey, Letters on International Copyright (1853),11-12, 61-63; Carey, International Copyright Question Considered, 7-8, 25-26; Freyer, Producers versus Capitalists, 125-27.

56 Carey, Letters on International Copyright (1853),10-13,15-17,21-23, 25, 44; H. C. Carey, The International Copyright Question Considered (Philadelphia: H. C. Baird, 1872), 3.

57 Carey, The Way to Outdo England, 3, 17-18; Carey, International Copyright Question Considered, 8-9,12, 29-30; Carey, Letters on International Copyright (1868), 87-88.

58 Carey, The Way to Outdo England, 3,15,34; Carey, Letters on International Copyright (1853), 67,70-71; Carey, International Copyright Question Considered, 13, 24.

59 D. A. Redmond, Sherlock Holmes among the Pirates: Copyright and Conan Doyle inAmerica,18go-1930 (New York: Greenwood Press, 199o).

12 THE FIRST PIRATE HUNTERS

I D. W. Krummel, "Music Publishing," in Music in Britain: the RomanticAge, 1800-1914, ed. N. Temperley (London: Athlone, 1981), 46-59, 49.

2 For those unfamiliar with pre-decimal British money, a pound = 20s (shillings) = 24o d (pence). A shilling was 12d. A guinea was 21S.

3 N. A. Mace, "Litigating the Musical Magazine: The Definition of British Music Copyright in the 178os," Book History 2 (1999):122-45; D. Hunter, "The Publishing of Opera and Song Books in England, 1703-1726," Notes, March 1991, 647-85, esp. 651-55, 657-66. For another detailed example, see N. A. Mace, "Haydn and the London Music Sellers: Forster v. Longman & Broderip," Music &Letters 77 (November, 1996): 527-41, esp. 533 and n24.

4 H. Berlioz, Evenings with the Orchestra, trans. J. Barzun (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999 [1956]), 67; H. Berlioz, Les Soirees de l'Orchestre (Paris: Grund, 1968 [1852]), 84-86; D. Hunter, "Music Copyright in Britain to 18oo," Music &Letters 67 (1986):269-82;j. Girdham, English Opera in Late Eighteenth-Century London: Stephen Storace at Drury Lane (Oxford: Oxford University Press, ,997).

5 J. M. Picker, Victorian Soundscapes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003),41-81; P. Bailey, Popular Culture and Performance in the Victorian City (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,