Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [201]
4 “Smallpox in Manhattan.”
5 Ibid. On the New York City Health Department, see John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City, 1866–1966 (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1974); Evelynn Maxine Hammonds, Childhood’s Deadly Scourge: The Campaign to Control Diphtheria in New York City, 1880–1930 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
6 “Smallpox on West Side.” “Columbia Beat Indians,” NYT, Nov. 30, 1900, 8. “Thanksgiving Day Cheer,” NYT, Nov. 30, 1900, 3.
7 D. H. Bergey, The Principles of Hygiene: A Practical Manual for Students, Physicians, and Health-Officers (Philadelphia: W. B Saunders, 1904), 374. George Henry Fox, A Practical Treatise on Smallpox (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1902), 26–31. Dr. Fox was the consulting dermatologist to the New York City Health Department.
8 “Smallpox on West Side.” “Fighting the Smallpox,” NYT, Dec. 1, 1900, 16.
9 William Welch and Jay F. Schamberg, Acute Contagious Diseases (Philadelphia: Lea Brothers & Co., 1905), 160. For the state-of-the-art scientific knowledge about smallpox, as it existed in the United States circa 1900, see Surgeon General Walter Wyman’s “Précis Upon the Diagnosis and Treatment of Smallpox,” PHR, 14 (Jan. 6, 1899), 37–49. The authoritative modern treatise on the subject is F. Fenner et al., Smallpox and Its Eradication (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988). See also Ian Glynn and Jenifer Glynn, The Life and Death of Smallpox (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004); D. A. Henderson, Smallpox: The Death of a Disease (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2009), esp. 34.
10 “Fighting the Smallpox.”
11 On the germ theory and its reception in the United States, see Nancy Tomes, The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and the Microbe in American Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
12 “The Spread of Small-pox by Tramps,” Lancet, Feb. 13, 1904, 446–47. See also “Smallpox and Tramps,” JAMA, 22 (1894): 635.
13 “Smallpox on West Side.” “Fighting the Smallpox.” “Smallpox up the State,” NYT, Jan. 4, 1901, 3. “New York,” PHR, 16 (Feb. 8, 1901): 238–39. See W. Michael Byrd and Linda A. Cayton, An American Health Dilemma: A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race, 2 vols. (New York: Routledge, 2000, 2002).
14 “Fighting the Smallpox.” “Race Riot on West Side,” NYT, Aug. 16, 1900, 1.
15 “Forty Smallpox Cases,” NYT, Dec. 5, 1900, 5; “Smallpox Case in Hoboken,” NYT, Dec. 3, 1900, 5. “The Smallpox Epidemic,” NYT, Dec. 4, 1900, 8.
16 “Fighting the Smallpox.” “Two New Smallpox Cases,” NYT, Dec. 7, 1900, 2. “Smallpox Still Spreading,” NYT, Dec. 15, 1900, 6.
17 “Smallpox Epidemic.”
18 “Smallpox Epidemic.” “Topics of the Times,” NYT, Dec. 12, 1900, 8. See Michael Willrich, City of Courts: Socializing Justice in Progressive Era Chicago (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
19 NOBOH 1900–01, 23. PBOH 1902, 38. Michael R. Albert et al., “The Last Smallpox Epidemic in Boston and the Vaccination Controversy, 1901–1903,” NEJM, 344 (1901), 375. NYCBOH 1901, 7–9, 56. NYCBOH 1902, 8–9. NYCBOH 1903, 8, 238. See James Nevins Hyde, “The Late Epidemic of Smallpox in the United States,” PSM, 59 (Oct. 1901): 557–67; and Charles Fletcher Scott, “The Fight Against Smallpox,” Ainslee’s Magazine, July 1902, 540–45.
20 USSGPHMHS 1898, 598. USSGPHMHS 1901, 15. USSGPHMHS 1903, 72. USSGPHMHS 1904, 19. The Service fiscal year ran from July 1 to June 30. On underreporting, see USSGPHMHS 1899, 755–56; USSGPHMHS 1910, 189. “Echoes and News,” MN, Sept. 21, 1901, 470. “The number of cases notified each year represents at most 20% of those that actually occurred; many patients did not see a physician and many others who did were not reported as having smallpox.” Fenner et al., Smallpox and Its Eradication, 329. From my own research, I judge Fenner’s 20 percent figure