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21 USSGPHMHS 1903, 72. USCB 1900, Vol. 4—Vital Statistics Part II, Statistics of Death, 228.

22 Welch and Schamberg, Acute Contagious Diseases, 207–8. Charles V. Chapin, “Variation in Type of Infectious Disease as Shown by the History of Smallpox in the United States, 1895–1912,” Journal of Infectious Diseases, 13 (1913), 194.

23 Pamela Sankar et al., “Public Mistrust: The Unrecognized Risk of the CDC Smallpox Vaccination Program,” American Journal of Bioethics, 3 (2003), esp. W22. Edward A. Belongia and Allison Naleway, “Smallpox Vaccine: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly,” Clinical Medicine and Research, 1 (2003): 87–92. Vincent A. Fulginiti et al., “Smallpox Vaccination: A Review, Part II. Adverse Effects,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37 (2003): 251–71. Welch and Schamberg, Acute Contagious Diseases, 58–83.

24 The literature on American antivaccinationism is growing, and it is no longer easy to dismiss the movement, as John Duffy once did, as “filled with cranks, extremists, and charlatans.” History of Public Health in New York City, 152. See, esp., James Colgrove, “‘Science in a Democracy’: The Contested Status of Vaccination in the Progressive Era and the 1920s,” Isis, 96 (2005): 167–91; idem, State of Immunity: The Politics of Vaccination in Twentieth-Century America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006); Nadav Davidovitch, “Negotiating Dissent: Homeopathy and Antivaccinationism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century,” in The Politics of Healing: Histories of Alternative Medicine in Twentieth-Century North America, ed. Robert D. Johnston (New York: Routledge, 2004), 11–28; Robert D. Johnston, The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003), 177–220; idem, “Contemporary Anti-Vaccination Movements in Historical Perspective,” in Johnston, ed., Politics of Healing, 259–86. Martin Kaufman, “The American AntiVaccinationists and Their Arguments,” BHM, 50 (1976): 553–68; Judith Walzer Leavitt, The Healthiest City: Milwaukee and the Politics of Health Reform (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), 76–121. On England, see Nadja Durbach, Bodily Matters: The Anti-Vaccination Movement in England, 1853–1907 (Durham: Duke University Press Books, 2005). For an overview, see Arthur Allen, Vaccine: The Controversial Story of Medicine’s Greatest Lifesaver (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007).

25 Chapin, “Variation in Type,” 194.

26 “The Vaccination Question and the Purity of Vaccine,” Therapeutic Gazette, 26 (1902): 98–99.

27 For an excellent revision of the conventional periodization of free speech, see David M. Rabban, Free Speech in Its Forgotten Years (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Holmes to Hand, June 24, 1918, in Gerald Gunther, “Learned Hand and the Origins of Modern First Amendment Doctrine: Some Fragments of History,” Stanford Law Review, 27 (1975), Appendix, 757.

28 Michael Willrich, “‘The Least Vaccinated of Any Civilized Country’: Personal Liberty and Public Health in the Progressive Era,” Journal of Policy History, 20 (2008): 76–93.

ONE: BEGINNINGS

1 Henry F. Long, “Smallpox in Iredell County,” NCBOH 1897–98, 208.

2 U.S. Census Bureau, Twelfth Census of the United States (1900): Schedule No. 1—Population, Iredell County, North Carolina. “Dr. John F. Long Dead,” CO, Apr. 29, 1899, 4. Federal Writers’ Project, North Carolina: A Guide to the Old North State (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939), 71–78, 401–7. Hugh Talmage Lefler and Albert Ray Newsome, North Carolina: The History of a Southern State (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1954), 481–83.

3 Long, “Smallpox in Iredell County,” 214. My account of Harvey Perkins’s case also draws upon “From Bulletin, February 1898,” in NCBOH 1897–98, 82–85; C. P. Wertenbaker, “Smallpox at Statesville, N.C.,” PHR, 13 (Jun. 24, 1898), 634–35; and “Harvey Perkins Dead,” CO, Feb. 22, 1898, 6.

4 Long, “Smallpox in Iredell County,” 208.

5 USSGPHMHS 1898, 627,