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598–99. “Warning Against Smallpox,” Mar. 25, 1898, in KBOH 1898–99, 23. C.P. Wertenbaker, “Investigation of Smallpox at Columbia and Sumter, S.C.,” PHR, 13 (May 13, 1898), 470. See “From Bulletin, February 1898,” in NCBOH 1897–98, 82; “Smallpox in the United States as Reported to the Supervising Surgeon-General United States Marine-Hospital Service, December 29, 1896, to December 31, 1897,” PHR, 12 (Dec. 31, 1897), 1421–22; C.P. Wertenbaker, “Smallpox at Middleborough, Ky.,” PHR, 13 (Mar. 25, 1898), 273–74. See also W. Michael Byrd and Linda A. Clayton, An American Health Dilemma, Vol. 1: A Medical History of African Americans and the Problem of Race: Beginnings to 1900 (New York: Routledge, 2000), 322–414.

6 “From Bulletin, January 1898,” NCBOH 1897–98, 80. “From Bulletin, February 1898,” ibid., 84. C.P. Wertenbaker, “One Case of Smallpox in Wilmington, N.C.,” PHR, 13 (Jan. 14, 1898), 25. C.P. Wertenbaker, “Investigation of Smallpox at Charlotte, N.C.,” PHR, 13 (Feb. 18, 1898), 140–41.

7 C.P. Wertenbaker’s transmission to Mayor E. B. Springs is published in “From Bulletin, February 1898,” 84.

8 Ibid., 84. “Harvey Perkins Dead.”

9 “From Bulletin, February 1898,” 85.

10 Long, “Smallpox in Iredell County,” 210. Lewis, “Annual Report of the Secretary,” 28. C.P. Wertenbaker, “Smallpox at Statesville, N.C.,” 634–35.

11 Long, “Smallpox in Iredell County,” 216.

12 Dr. H. Y. Webb, “Smallpox in Greene County,” ABOH 1883–84, 129.

13 At the turn of the century, public health reports in many places had yet to adopt a standardized, bureaucratic format. The biennial reports issued by the Kentucky and North Carolina boards of health, for example, as well as the weekly Public Health Reports published by the U.S. Marine-Hospital Service, consisted chiefly of letters and telegraphic transmissions from local health authorities, who leavened their smallpox dispatches with a wealth of local social and political detail. On the dramaturgic character of epidemics as social events, see Charles E. Rosenberg, “What Is an Epidemic? AIDS in Historical Perspective,” in Explaining Epidemics and Other Studies in the History of Medicine (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 278–92.

14 KBOH 1898–99, 61, 81, 133, 92. PHR, 14 (Mar. 3, 1899), 278. PHR, 13 (Jul. 29, 1898), 781. “Vigorous Measures Have Been Adopted,” The State (Columbia, SC), Apr. 5, 1898, 2.

15 James Nevins Hyde, “The Late Epidemic of Smallpox in the United States,” PSM, 59 (Oct. 1901), 557–67, esp. 557.

16 H. F. Long, “Report of the State Small-Pox Inspector,” NCBOH 1899–1900, 29.

17 “Thou shalt not be afraid for the terror by night; nor for the arrow that flieth by day; Nor for the pestilence that walketh in darkness; nor for the destruction that wasteth at noonday.”—King James Bible, Psalm 91:5–6. This psalm was quoted, albeit inaccurately, in the most important vaccination decision handed down by the North Carolina Supreme Court. In the majority opinion, Justice Clark insisted upon the right of the community to protect itself against “the deadly pestilence that walketh by noonday.” State v. W. E. Hay, 126 N.C. 999, 1001 (1900).

18 KBOH 1896–97, 46–47. KBOH 1898–99, 30.

19 Col. A. W. Shaffer, “Small-pox and Vaccination for Plain People. By One of Them,” NCBOH 1897–98, 173.

20 F. Fenner et al., Smallpox and Its Eradication, (Geneva, 1988), 217–44, esp. 210, 217. Sergei N. Shchelkunov, “How Long Ago Did Smallpox Virus Emerge?” Archives of Virology, 154 (2009): 1865–71. See also Ian Glynn and Jenifer Glynn, The Life and Death of Smallpox, 6–54, esp. 4; and Donald R. Hopkins, Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983).

21 By “natural” host range, I mean outside the laboratory. See S. S. Kalter et al., “Experimental Smallpox in Chimpanzees,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 57 (1979): 637–41. For a useful overview of the virology of variola and the other orthopoxviruses, see Fenner et al., Small-pox and Its Eradication, 69–119.

22 See C.-E. A. Winslow, “Communicable Diseases, Control