Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [218]
67 Ames, “Vaccination of Porto Rico,” 524, 523.
68 Ibid., 527, 525–26. Sternberg, “Report of the Surgeon General,” 598. Wadhams, “Smallpox in Puerto Rico,” 282.
69 Groff, “Vaccinating a Nation,” 680.
70 Sternberg, “Report of the Surgeon General,” 598. Groff, “Vaccinating a Nation,” 680, 681. Wadhams, “Smallpox in Puerto Rico,” 283. “Alumni and School Notes,” YMJ, 7 (1901), 333.
71 “Circular No. 3,” March 18, 1899, in “Report of Brig. Gen. Geo. W. Davis on Civil Affairs in Puerto Rico,” USWDAR 1899, 630. Groff, “Vaccinating a Nation,” 682.
72 Ames, “Vaccination of Porto Rico,” 529.
73 “General Order No. 80,” June 17, 1899, in “Report of Brig. Gen. Geo. W. Davis on Civil Affairs in Puerto Rico,” 588.
74 Groff, “Vaccinating a Nation,” 681. Hoff, “Share of the ‘White Man’s Burden,’” 798.
75 Ames, “Compulsory Vaccination Essential,” 728. Hoff, “Share of the ‘White Man’s Burden,’” 799.
76 Ames, “Vaccination of Porto Rico,” 515, 517. Many positive stories on the Puerto Rican campaign appeared in American newspapers, usually as a new piece of evidence in the argument against the antivaccinationists. See, for example, “Latest Vaccination Argument,” Omaha World Herald, Aug. 24, 1902. “Vaccination in Porto Rico,” Duluth News-Tribune, Dec. 20, 1902, 6.
77 KBOH 1898–99, 115.
78 Secretary of State John Hay quoted in Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, ed. John M. Murrin and James M. McPherson (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999), 739. Hoff, “Experience of the Army with Vaccination,” 493. Brian McAllister Linn, “The Long Twilight of the Frontier Army,” Western Historical Quarterly, 27 (1996), 142.
79 Charles R. Greenleaf, “A Brief Statement of the Sanitary Work So Far Accomplished in the Philippine Islands, and of the Present Shape of Their Sanitary Administration,” PHPR, 27 (1901), 164. Charles Burke Elliott, The Philippines, to the End of the Commission Government: A Study in Tropical Democracy (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1917), 186. See Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2006).
80 Greenleaf, “Brief Statement,” 163. The forty thousand figure, which appears to have originated with the U.S. colonial health official Victor Heiser, was widely quoted in official reports and press accounts and has since been accepted as at least plausible by leading historians of disease in the Philippines. Snodgrass, Sanitary Achievements in the Philippine Islands, 15. See also Elliott, Philippines , 187; Warwick Anderson, “Immunization and Hygiene in the Philippines,” JHMAS, 62 (2006), 8; De Bevoise, Agents of Apocalypse, 104, 117. “Filipino Minister Surrenders; Aguinaldo’s Infant Son Dies at Manila from Smallpox,” NYT, Mar. 16, 1900, 7. USSCOP, Part 3: 2033.
81 De Bevoise, Agents of Apocalypse, esp. 94–95.
82 Ibid., 105–10, esp. 108. USPCRP 1901, vol. 14, 32. Anderson, “Immunization and Hygiene in the Philippines,” 5–6.
83 De Bevoise, Agents of Apocalypse, 41–42.
84 Greenleaf, “Brief Statement,” 157. “Testimony of Dr. Frank S. Bourns,” July 29, 1899, in USPCRP 1900, Vol. 2: Testimony and Exhibits (Washington, 1900), 347–68, esp. 348–49. (Hereafter Bourns, “Testimony.”) See Frank S. Bourns and Dean C. Worcester, Preliminary Notes on the Birds and Mammals Collected by the Menage Scientific Expedition to the Philippine Islands (Minneapolis: Harrison & Smith, 1894); and Kramer, Blood of Government, 180.
85 Frank S. Bourns, Report to Provost-Marshal-General, Jun. 30, 1899, in USWDAR 1899: Annual Report of the Major-General Commanding the Army, Part 2: 260–61. (Hereafter Bourns, “Report.”)
86 Bourns, “Testimony,” 350, 351. Bourns, “Report,” 260–61. Greenleaf, “Brief Statement,” 157–58. Foster, “Demands of Humanity,” ch. 3, p. 6. On the fascinating career of T. H. Pardo de Tavero, see Kramer, Blood of Government, 181–82.
87 Sternberg, “Smallpox,” 601, 596. Soldier quoted in De Bevoise, Agents of Apocalypse, 115. The Army