Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [219]
88 55th Cong., 3d Session, Senate Doc. No. 99, Health of Troops in the Philippines [containing dispatch from Major-General Otis to Secretary Alger, dated Feb. 3, 1899], first page. Bourns, “Report,” 260.
89 Sternberg, “Smallpox,” 596, 600. “Smallpox Epidemic Among Troops at Manila,” Rocky Mountain News (Denver), Nov. 3, 1898, 5. “To Prevent Smallpox,” Grand Forks Herald, Mar. 25, 1899, 4.
90 Snodgrass, “Smallpox and Vaccination in the Philippine Islands,” 15.
91 Anderson, Colonial Pathologies, 38. See “Pesky Rebels,” LAT, Feb. 12, 1900; “Week of War,” BG, Apr. 23, 1900, 1.
92 Greenleaf, “Brief Statement,” 158. Le Roy, “Philippines Health Problem,” 778. Smallman-Raynor and Cliff, War Epidemics, 311.
93 Maus quoted in De Bevoise, Agents of Apocalypse, 116. Gillett, Army Medical Department, 178.
94 USSGPHMHS 1904, 168. Taylor, “Cleaning Cities,” BG, Mar. 16, 1900, 3. Snodgrass, “Smallpox and Vaccination in the Philippines,” 15.
95 LeRoy, “Philippines Health Problem,” 778. Greenleaf, “Brief Statement,” 165, 159.
96 “Philippine Tariff Bill Passed by House,” NYT, Dec. 19, 1901, 1. On conditions in Batangas, see Florencio R. Caedo, provincial secretary, to William Howard Taft, Civil Governor of the Philippines, Dec. 18, 1901, in USSCOP, Part 2: 887. “Telegraphic Orders Issued by Brig. Gen. J. F. Bell to Station Commanders in the Provinces of Tayabas, Batangas, and Laguna,” in ibid., Part 2: 1606–31.
97 For concise accounts of the Batangas campaign, see Amy Blitz, The Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines (New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000), 42–43; Kramer, Blood of Government, 152–54; and Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1899–1902 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), 219–24, 300–305. For a fuller history, see Glenn Anthony May, Battle for Batangas: A Philippine Province at War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).
98 Blitz, Contested State, 42–43.
99 Bell, “Telegraphic Circular No. 22,” Dec. 24, 1901, in USSCOP, Part II: 1628. Bell, “Telegraphic Circular No. 17,” Dec. 23, 1901, in ibid., Part II: 1621; “Telegraphic Circular No. 19,” Dec. 24, 1901, in ibid., Part II: 1621; “Telegraphic Circular No. 20,” in ibid., Part II: 1626.
100 On reconcentration, see Kramer, Blood of Government, 152–53.
101 Smallman-Raynor and Cliff, War Epidemics, 614–24. De Bevoise, Agents of Apocalypse.
102 USSCOP, Part 3: 2878.
103 “Directions for Vaccination of Natives. Copy of Telegram. Batangas, January 16, 10:40 a.m.,” in AGOMHP, Vol. 528: San Pablo, Laguna Province, P.I. [first entry], Dec. 31, 1901, 4. Accompanying telegram from General J. F. Bell in ibid., 4–5. See De Bevoise, Agents of Apocalypse, 117.
104 Blitz, Contested State, 43. Linn, Philippine War, 219. Smallman-Raynor and Cliff, War Epidemics, 307–48. On Filipinos’ memories of the epidemics and the war, see De Bevoise, Agents of Apocalypse , ix.
105 Edward Thomas Curran, “Treatment of Filipinos,” NYT, May 3, 1903, 23.
106 “Stamping Out Disease in the Philippines,” NYT, June 23, 1902, 1.
107 “Topics of the Times,” NYT, Aug. 18, 1902, 6. See, for example, “Havana’s Health Is Good: Wonderful Changes Wrought by the Army of Occupation,” WP, Mar. 23, 1902, 6; LeRoy, “Philippines Health Problem”; “Manila Is Healthful,” NYT, Aug. 19, 1903, 8; “Life in the Philippines,” Omaha World Herald, May 25, 1905, 4. See also Carl Crow, America and the Philippines (Garden City and New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1914), 107; Robley D. Evans, An Admiral’s Log: Being Continued Reflections of Naval Life (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1910), esp. 222–23; and the quotations presented in Kristine A. Campbell, “Knots in the Fabric: Richard Pearson Strong and the Bilibid Prison Vaccine Trials, 1905–1906,” BHM, 68 (1994), esp. 606–12.
108 USPC 1905, 72,