Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [220]
109 USPC 1907, 73, 76. Snodgrass, “Smallpox and Vaccination in the Philippines,” 15. In the finest study of the Philippine health crisis of the war years, Ken De Bevoise suggests that the claims of American officials in this regard should be taken seriously. Writing of the 1902–3 period, De Bevoise says, “The successful immunizations . . . may have provided a radical discontinuity with past experience sufficient to impel changed beliefs and behaviors. As popular resistance to vaccination began to break down, the cultural groundwork for future control efforts was laid.” De Bevoise, Agents of Apocalypse, 117.
110 USPC 1904, 105. De Bevoise, Agents of Apocalypse, 188. Warwick Anderson has suggested that “Probably not more than half the vaccinations were successful.” Anderson, “Immunization and Hygiene,” 9. Glynn and Glynn, Life and Death of Smallpox, 193. On eradication, see Ken De Bevoise, “Until God Knows When: Smallpox in Late-Colonial Philippines,” Pacific Historical Review, 59 (1990), 185; and De Bevoise, Agents of Apocalypse, 188. De Bevoise notes that “a case imported into Mindoro allowed the disease to take one last bow in 1948–1949.” Idem, “Until God Knows When,” 185.
111 Ames, “Vaccination of Porto Rico,” 513. USSGPHMHS 1907, 81. Snodgrass, “Smallpox and Vaccination in the Philippines,” 18.
FIVE: THE STABLE AND THE LABORATORY
1 “New Jersey Notes,” PI, June 3, 1902, 3. On the development of product liability law during the early twentieth century, see MacPherson v. Buick, 217 NY 382 (1916); and H. Gerald Chapin, Handbook of the Law of Torts (St. Paul: West Publishing Co. 1917), 517–20. See also Barbara Young Welke, Recasting American Liberty: Gender, Race, Law, and the Railroad Revolution, 1865–1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), esp. 14–20; John Fabian Witt, The Accidental Republic: Crippled Workingmen, Destitute Widows, and the Remaking of American Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), esp. 2–3, 75–76.
2 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Annual Message of the President to Congress, Jan. 6, 1941 (excerpt), http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade01.asp, accessed March 3, 2009. Old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, compulsory health insurance, and labor regulations for men (outside of extremely dangerous industries such as mining) were dead on arrival in the United States. Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co., 24 Cal. 2d 453 (1944). See David A. Moss, Socializing Security: Progressive-Era Economists and the Origins of American Social Policy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995); Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992).
3 In a useful short account, Jonathan Liebenau has examined the vaccine controversy as an important moment in the consolidation of the pharmaceutical industry in the United States; Medical Science and Medical Industry (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), 79–88. Arthur Allen provides a brisk narrative of the episode in Vaccine, 79–82, 92–96. A thinner account, with errors, is David E. Lilienfeld, “The First Pharmacoepidemiologic Investigations: National Drug Safety Policy in the United States, 1901–1902,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine , 51 (Spring 2008): 188–98.
4 “No Vaccination in Camden’s Boundaries,” NYT, Nov. 19, 1901, 7. “Vaccine and Antitoxin,” ibid., Dec. 8, 1901, 6. “Vaccination and Lockjaw,” NYS, Nov. 21, 1901, 6. F. M. Wood, “The Various Methods of Vaccination and Their Results,” PMJ, 9 (Mar. 22, 1902), 541–42. “The Cleveland Experiment,” Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic, May 31, 1902, 580–82.
5 “Rubbed Off Vaccine Virus,” NYT, Dec. 7, 1901, 2. See, for example, “Death Follows Vaccination,” NOP, Dec. 15, 1893, 4; “Death Caused by Vaccination,” Interocean (Chicago), Feb. 15, 1894, 3; “Parents Fear Vaccination,” Milwaukee Sentinel, Feb. 16, 1894, 8; “Caused by Vaccination: A School Girl’s Awful Suffering,” Bismarck Daily Tribune, Aug. 10, 1895; “Danger in Vaccination,” Macon