Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [221]
6 On the implications of progressive thinking about social interdependence, see Thomas L. Haskell, The Emergence of Professional Social Science (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1977). Michael Willrich, City of Courts.
7 Wyatt v. Rome, 105 Ga. 312 (1898). Even after the enactment of the federal Biologics Control Act of 1902, state and local governments remained insulated from liability for unsafe vaccines. “The State is not a guarantor of the purity of such biological products and is not liable for injury caused by impure ones.” James A. Tobey, Public Health Law, 58. See ibid., 175–76. On the regulatory environment as it existed in 1901, see Charles V. Chapin, Municipal Sanitation in the United States (Providence: The Providence Press, 1901), 573–98, esp. 580–84. On the growth of social intervention in American law during this period, see Willrich, City of Courts.
8 Walter Wyman, “Précis upon the Diagnosis and Treatment of Smallpox,” PHR, 14, Jan. 6, 1899, 37. “Vaccination and Revaccination,” CMJ, 1 (July 1902), 381. On more recent developments in U.S. vaccine regulation, see Thomas F. Burke, Lawyers, Lawsuits, and Legal Rights: The Battle over Litigation in American Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 142–70; Vincent A. Fulginiti et al., “Smallpox Vaccination: A Review, Part II. Adverse Effects,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, 37 (2003), 251–71; and Julie B. Milstein, “Regulation of Vaccines: Strengthening the Science Base,” Journal of Public Health Policy, 25 (2004): 173–89.
9 “Commercial Virus and Antitoxin,” NYT, Nov. 18, 1901, 6.
10 A burgeoning field of social science research has shed new light on the mental strategies—or “heuristics”—that ordinary people use to understand the risks of their world. For an introduction, see Paul Slovic, “Perception of Risk,” SCI, new ser. 236 (1987): 280–85. For an interesting critique of Slovic’s ideas, see Cass R. Sunstein, “The Laws of Fear,” review of Paul Slovic, The Perception of Risk (2000), Harvard Law Review, 115 (2002): 1119–68.
11 “Vaccinia is a specific disease, the cause of which has not been determined. We are, therefore, working somewhat in the dark.” Milton J. Rosenau of the federal Hygienic Laboratory, in USROSENAU, 6.
12 USCB 1900, Vol. I: Population: Part I: Population of States and Territories, 1900, 430, 513, 549. Ibid., Vol. 8: Manufactures: States and Territories, 556. NJBOH 1901, 152.
13 “Camden’s Lockjaw Panic,” NYS, Nov. 16, 1901, 4. The Sun mistakenly reported the family surname as Ludwig. See U.S. Census Bureau, Twelfth Census of the United States (1900): Schedule No. 1—Population: Camden, New Jersey, Supervisor’s District No. 6, Enumeration District No. 63.
14 NJBOH 1901, 371. NJBOH 1902, 39–42. PBOH 1901, 14–18, 37–48. “Smallpox Situation in Philadelphia and Camden,” MN, Nov. 30, 1901, 867–68.
15 “Camden’s Lockjaw Panic.” “Smallpox,” MN, Oct. 26, 1901, 667. On sore arms during this epidemic, see F. M. Wood, M.D. [city physician of Camden], “The Various Methods of Vaccination and Their Results,” PMJ, 9 (Mar. 22, 1902), 541–42; Alexander McAllister, M.D. [of Camden], “The Cause of Sore Arms in Vaccination,” Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1902 (Newark, 1902), 153–57.
16 NJBOH 1901, 371–72.
17 “Vaccinated Boy, Tetanus Stricken, May Recover,” PNA, Nov. 11, 1901, 1. “Five Victims of Lockjaw,” NYT, Nov. 17, 1901, 3. W. J. Lampton, “Tetanus Epidemics” (letter to the editor), NYS, Nov. 21, 1901, 6. George Miller Sternberg, Infection and Immunity: With Special Reference to the Prevention of Infectious Diseases (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1903), 272–78, esp. 277. William Brown, “Tetanus in Toy-Pistol Wounds,” BRMJ, 1 (1934): 1116–17. See also Frederic S. Dennis, ed., System of Surgery (Philadelphia: Lea Brothers & Co., 1895), vol. 1, 426–27; William Hallock Park and Anna