Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [224]
42 “Virus: The Difference Between Humanized and Animal Matter—Rearing Calves for Purposes of Vaccination,” St. Louis Globe-Democrat [orig. from Brooklyn Eagle], Jan. 6, 1876, 3. John Duffy, A History of Public Health in New York City, 1866–1966, 151. Massachusetts enacted the nation’s first compulsory education law in 1852 and its first compulsory vaccination law in 1855. By 1918, every state had compulsory education. Compulsory vaccination spread far less uniformly, with many state legislatures leaving the matter to local communities and their boards of health.
43 J. W. Compton & Son advertisement, Transactions of the Indiana State Medical Society, 1882 (Indianapolis, 1882), 331. Wyeth advertisement, Drugs and Medicines of North America (Cincinnati, 1884–1885), Vol. 1: 21. “A Vaccination Farm,” Arkansas Gazette, Sept. 25, 1877. “Animal Vaccination,” 382. Oscar C. DeWolf, “Remarks on Sources and Varieties of Vaccine Virus,” Chicago Medical Journal and Examiner, 42 (1881): 481–86. J. W. Hodge, “What Is the Stuff Variously Termed ‘Vaccine Virus,’ ‘Bovine Virus,’ ‘Animal Lymph,’ ‘Calf Lymph,’ ‘Pure Calf-Lymph,’ Etc.,” Medical Advance, March 1908, 160–71, esp. 168.
44 More recently DNA analysis has confirmed that vaccinia, cowpox, and smallpox are distinct. See Glynn and Glynn, The Life and Death of Smallpox, 177–89.
45 Walter Reed, “What Credence Should Be Given to the Statements of Those Who Claim to Furnish Vaccine Lymph Free of Bacteria,” Journal of Practical Medicine, 5 (July 1895), 532–34. W. F. Elgin, “The Propagation of Vaccine and Glycerinated Lymph,” Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the Conference of State and Provincial Boards of Health of North America, Atlantic City, June 1–2, 1900 (Providence, 1900), 51.
46 R. L. Pitfield, “Report on the Vaccine Farms and Antitoxin Propagating Establishments of the United States, and Their Products, and on Certain Imported Antitoxins,” Twelfth Annual Report of the State Board of Health and Vital Statistics of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1896) vol. 1 (State Printer, 1897), 186, 193, 196, 154.
47 Abbott, “Vaccination,” 142. USROSENAU, 6. Glynn and Glynn, Life and Death of Smallpox, 172–73. J. J. Kinyoun, “The Action of Glycerin on Bacteria in the Presence of Cell Exudates,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, 7 (1905): 725–32.
48 Mulford Company display advertisements, Medical World, 19 (December 1901), 17. On the connection between cities and hinterlands in the late nineteenth century, see William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1991).
49 Richard Hofstadter wrote, “The United States was born in the country and has moved to the city.” The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F. D. R. (New York: Random House, 1955), 23. Liebenau, Medical Science and Medical Industry, 57–78; Galambos with Sewell, Networks of Innovation, 9–32. Curiously, the latter work does not mention the Camden episode.
50 Mulford display advertisement, Medical Dial, 2 (Apr. 1900), xii. Galambos with Sewell, Networks of Innovation, 9–32.
51 Mulford display advertisement, Medical Dial, 2 (Apr. 1900), xii.
52 Elgin, “Propagation of Vaccine,” 46–55. See also, “How Mulford’s Vaccine Is Made,” display advertisement, ILLMJ, 51 (May 1902), pages not numbered. To compare Mulford’s production practices with those of other makers, see esp. Abbott, “Vaccination,” 138–44; Chapin, Municipal Sanitation, 584; Francis C. Martin, “The Propagation, Preservation, and Use of Vaccine Virus,” MR, 49 (May 30, 1896), 757–59; “The Public Health Laboratories of New York City and Their Products,” New York State Journal of Medicine, 2 (Feb. 1902): 37; Theobald Smith, “The Preparation of Animal Vaccine,” MC, Jan. 1, 1902, 101–16; “Virus and Antitoxin of the Health Board,” NYT, Nov. 24, 1901, 5. On Canadian practices, see Pierrick Malissard, “ ‘Pharming’ à l’ancienne: les Fermes Vaccinales