Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [235]
23 Martin Kauffman was perhaps the first scholar to point out the connection between antivaccinationism and the licensure issue in the United States. Kauffman mistakenly concluded that this was practically all there was to antivaccinationism, and he saw the licensure debate as largely a professional grievance, rather than a larger struggle for freedom of belief. Kauffman, “American Anti-Vaccinationists.”
24 R. Swinburne Clymer, Vaccination Brought Home to You (Terre Haute, IN: Frank D. Blue, 1904), 27. On the history of alternative medicine, see esp. John Duffy, From Humors to Medical Science, 80–94; Johnston, ed., Politics of Healing; and James C. Whorton, Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
25 Massachusetts Sanitary Commission, Report of a General Plan for the Promotion of Public and Personal Health (Boston, 1850), 58.
26 Charles E. Rosenberg, The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 161. Whorton, Nature Cures, 9–19.
27 Whorton, Nature Cures, 69, 133, esp. 134.
28 John Duffy, The Sanitarians, 153. Whorton, Nature Cures, 135–39.
29 “American Medical Association Advising Compulsory Vaccination,” Indiana Medical Journal, 18 (May 1900), 470. See Leslie J. Reagan, “Law and Medicine,” in The Cambridge History of Law in America, ed. Michael Grossberg and Christopher Tomlins (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), vol. 3, 232–67.
30 Davidovitch, “Negotiating Dissent,” esp. 13. J. W. Hodge, “The Decline in Smallpox Which Preceded and Accompanied the Introduction of Vaccination—To What Was It Due?,” Medical Visitor, 19 (June 1903), 269. New England Eclectics quoted in Alexander Wilder, “From ‘Vaccination,’ ” Health, Oct. 1901, 340. Clymer, Vaccination Brought Home to You. “The Late Dr. T. V. Gifford,” Phrenological Journal, 116 (Nov. 1903), 164.
31 Whorton, Nature Cures, 19. Johnston, “Introduction,” in Politics of Healing, 1–11.
32 Jenny Franchot, “Spiritualism,” in A Companion to American Thought, ed. Richard Wightman Fox and James T. Kloppenberg (Cambridge, MA: Wiley, 1995), 650–51. “Smallpox in Zion City,” NYT, Aug. 12, 1904, 7. Henry Warner Bowden, “Dowie, John Alexander,” http://www.anb.org/articles/08/08-00399.html, American National Biography Online Feb. 2000, accessed June 9, 2009.
33 State ex rel. Adams v. Burdge, 95 Wis. 390 (1897). “Christian Science and Vaccination,” BMJ, 39 (Dec. 1899), 369. “Dies of Disease He Defied,” NYT, Jul. 26, 1902, 5. James Colgrove, State of Immunity, 57.
34 Whorton, Nature Cures, 135. Mary Baker Eddy, “Obey the Law,” Christian Science Journal, 18 (Mar. 1901), 724. “Christian Scientists’ Change of Front,” ibid., Nov. 14 ,1902, 2. “Christian Science Did It,” NYT, Aug. 19, 1903, 1. See John C. Myers, “Christian Science and the Law,” Law Notes, 12 (April 1908), 5–6.
35 Griggs, introduction to Lora C. Little, Crimes of the Cowpox Ring: Some Moving Pictures Thrown on the Dead Wall of Official Silence (Minneapolis: The Liberator Pub. Co., 1906), 3. Clymer, Vaccination Brought Home to You, 6. Piehn’s story is told in D. D. Palmer and B. J. Palmer, The Science of Chiropractic: Its Principles and Adjustments (Davenport, IA: The Palmer School of Chiropractic, 1906), 377–79. On Pitcairn, see Colgrove, State of Immunity, 52–53.
36 “Anti-Vaccination League,” NYT, Jan. 6, 1901, 5. BOSHD 1902, 36.
37 Quoted in Andrew Dickson White, “New Chapters in the Warfare of Science: XII. Miracles and Medicine,” Part II, PSM, June 1891, 161. C. W. Amerige, Vaccination a Curse (n.p., 1895).
38 Alfred Milnes, What About Vaccination? The Vaccination Question Plainly Put and Plainly Answered (London: The Anti-Vaccination League, 1893), 20.
39 J. W. Hodge, “The Decline in Smallpox Which Preceded and Accompanied the Introduction of Vaccination—To What Was it Due?,” Medical Visitor, 19 (June 1903),