Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [236]
40 Hodge, “Decline in Smallpox,” 258, 276.
41 Pitcairn, Vaccination, 4. Wallace, “Vaccination a Delusion,” esp. 271–86. Hodge, Vaccination Superstition , 10, 29–30.
42 Richard L. McCormick, “The Discovery That Business Corrupts Politics: A Reappraisal of the Origins of Progressivism,” American Historical Review, 86 (1981): 247–74. Daniel T. Rodgers, “In Search of Progressivism,” Reviews in American History, 10 (1982), 123–24.
43 Felix Oswald, Vaccination A Crime; With Comments on Other Sanitary Superstitions (New York: Physical Culture Publishing Company, 1901), 4, 98. Little, Crimes of the Cowpox Ring, 6. “Cope, Porter Farquharson, Publicist, Lecturer,” in John W. Jordan, Encyclopedia of Pennsylvania Biography (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1914), vol. 2: 696–701, esp. 698.
44 “Medical Monopoly,” Metaphysical Magazine, 8 (1898), 70–77 [From Boston Evening Transcript, Mar. 2, 1898]. Twain quoted in Whorton, Nature Cures, 137.
45 “Medical Monopoly,” 70, 71, 72. “Called Trust Legislation,” BG, Mar. 3, 1898, 7.
46 “Medical Monopoly,” 74, 73, 75. “Against a Medical Trust,” BG, Mar. 8, 1898, 6. William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1902). Idem, Pragmatism (Cambridge, MA, 1975). For a concise introduction to James’s thought, see James T. Kloppenberg, “James, William,” in A Companion to American Thought, ed. Richard Wightman Fox and James T. Kloppenberg, 346–49.
47 “Dr. Pfeiffer Protests,” BG, Apr. 29, 1901, 8. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Revised Laws, 1901,1, Ch. 76, Sec. 9.
48 “Plan War on Vaccine,” WP, Feb. 10, 1910, A2. “Antivaccination,” MN, May 25, 1895, 586. Editorial, Health, 52 (March 1902): 495–96.
49 William M. Welch and Jay F. Schamberg, Acute Contagious Diseases (Philadelphia, 1905), 134. “Antivaccination,” MN, May 25, 1895, 586. See, e.g., Oswald, Vaccination A Crime, and Clymer, Vaccination Brought Home to You.
50 Little, Crimes of the Cowpox Ring, 5. See Ellen F. Fitzpatrick, ed., Muckraking: Three Landmark Articles (Boston, 1994), 1–39.
51 Little, Crimes of the Cowpox Ring, 74, 18. The best work to date on Little is Johnston, Radical Middle Class, 197–206, esp. 199.
52 Little, Crimes of the Cowpox Ring, 6–7.
53 Ibid., 7–8.
54 Ibid., 12–14, 29. “Victims of State Blood Poisoning,” Liberator, Supplement September 1904, 1, GFP, Box 177, Folder 8. “Vaccination ‘Points,’ ” CC, Aug. 16, 1902, 11. See John H. McCollom, “Vaccination: Accidents and Untoward Effects,” MC, Jan. 1, 1902, 125.
55 James Martin Peebles, Vaccination, A Curse and a Menace to Personal Liberty (Battle Creek, MI: Peebles Pub. Co., 1900), 138. Edward Whipple, A Biography of James M. Peebles, M.D., A.M. (Battle Creek, MI: published by author, 1901), 506.
56 Mill and Blackstone quoted in Pitcairn, Vaccination, 1–2. George E. Macdonald, “The ‘Vaccination’ Outrage,” from Truth Seeker, reprinted in Liberty (Not the Daughter but the Mother of Order), May 19, 1894, 10. Curiously, Mill himself did not mention the vaccination question in his treatise. His main principle—that “the sole end of which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others”—would seem to cut either way. Compulsory vaccination was a measure intended to protect others, but at least from the antivaccinationist perspective, it was not a necessary measure. As many argued at the time, a man who refused to be vaccinated was, by the vaccinationists’ own theory, no threat to the members of the population who were vaccinated. The general response from supporters of vaccination was twofold: 1) there would always be some for whom vaccination did not work; the only way to protect them was by immunizing everyone else; and