Pox_ An American History - Michael Willrich [237]
57 J. W. Hodge, “Is the Compulsory Infliction of the Jennerian Rite by the State, Expedient, Justifiable, or Possible?” Medical Century, 14 (Dec. 1906), 360. “To All Who Care for Human Rights!” Anti-Vaccination News and Sanatorian (New York), June 1895, 3, GFP, Box 176, Folder 11. Little, Crimes of the Cowpox Ring, 62–63.
58 Hodge, “Compulsory Infliction,” 359. “Topics of the Times,” NYT, Dec. 9, 1901, 8.
59 See, generally, Willrich, City of Courts.
60 Hodge, “Decline in Smallpox,” 276. B. O. Flower, “How Cleveland Stamped Out Smallpox,” Arena, 27 (Apr. 1902), 429.
61 Robert Johnston has argued with great insight that American antivaccinationism constituted a “middle-class populism of the body”; Johnston, Radical Middle Class, 178. My own view is that personal liberty concerns loomed larger than populism in most antivaccinationists’ thinking about the politics of public health.
62 Little, Crimes of the Cowpox Ring, 61. Nichols, Vaccination, 27. Clymer, Vaccination Brought Home to You, 78.
63 Michael Willrich, “The Two Percent Solution: Eugenic Jurisprudence and the Socialization of American Law, 1900–1930,” Law and History Review, 16 (1998): 63–111.
64 Little, Crimes of the Cowpox Ring, 62–63.
65 “Anti-Vaccinators of Connecticut,” 9–12.
66 State Board of Health data reported in “A Danger Signal,” OSE, Feb. 5, 1901.
67 “Vaccination War On.” “M’Millan Bill Now Law,” OSE, Feb. 22, 1901. “Smallpox and Vaccination,” ibid., Jan. 26, 1900. State ex rel. Cox v. Board of Ed., 9 Utah 401 (1901). “Supreme Court Decision,” OSE, May 1, 1900. “Vaccination War On,” SLH, Jan. 24, 1901, 8.
68 The nineteen people I have identified as “activated” members of the Utah league were named in newspaper articles as either having leadership positions in the organization, speaking out against compulsory vaccination at a meeting, or serving on a committee to draft resolutions. Others named as “present” at the meeting I did not assume to be more than passive listeners. I was able to locate eighteen of the nineteen members, unmistakably, in the 1900 U.S. Census. The nineteenth named participant was J. H. Parry, the name of a well-known book publisher in Salt Lake City at the time. I have assumed that if this J. H. Parry was not the same publisher, a responsible newspaper would have identified him otherwise to avoid confusion. “Antis Hold Session,” SLH, Jan. 14, 1900. “Vaccination War On,” ibid., Jan. 24, 1901, 8. Twelfth Census of the United States (1900): Schedule 1—Population: Salt Lake City, Salt Lake, Utah.
69 “The Topic of the Hour,” Deseret Evening News, Jan. 24, 1901, 4. Denver Post charge of Mormon involvement reported in “A Danger Signal,” OSE, Feb. 5, 1901. In a brief account, Thomas G. Alexander has also argued that Mormon church members and leaders were divided on the vaccination question; Mormonism in Transition: A History of the Latter-day Saints, esp. 195. See, generally, Sarah Barringer Gordon, The Mormon Question: Polygamy and Constitutional Conflict in Nineteenth Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, NC, 2002).
70 “Antis Hold Session.”
71 Laws of the State of Utah, Passed at the Fourth Regular Session Legislature of the State of Utah Held at Salt Lake City, the State Capital, in January, February, and March, 1901 (Salt Lake City, 1901), 15. “Vaccination War On.” “Dr. MacLean’s Startling Challenge to Anti-Vaccinationists,” SLH, Jan. 26, 1901, 1. “Board of Education Defies Board of Health,” ibid., Jan. 26, 1901, 1. Thomas Hull, “Events of the Month,” Improvement Era, Mar. 4, 1901, 397–98.
72 “Governor Wells Vetoes Anti-Vaccination Bill,” SLH, Feb. 9, 1901, 1. “McMillan Bill Vetoed,” OSE, Feb. 8, 1901. Hull, “Events of the Month.” “From the Editor’s Notebook,” Medical Standard, 24 (March, 1901), 165.
73 “Hearing Over,” BG, Feb. 5, 1902, 4. “Repeal