Quantum_ Einstein, Bohr and the Great Debate About the Nature of Reality - Manjit Kumar [198]
5 Fine (1986), quoted p. 1. Letter from Einstein to D. Lipkin, 5 July 1952.
6 Snow (1969), p. 94.
7 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 457.
8 Pais (1994), quoted p. 31.
9 Pais (1994), quoted p. 31.
10 Jungk (1960), quoted p. 20.
11 Gell-Mann (1981), p. 169.
12 Hiebert (1990), quoted p. 245.
13 Mahon (2003), quoted p. 149.
14 Mahon (2003), quoted p. 149.
CHAPTER 1:
THE RELUCTANT REVOLUTIONARY
1 Planck (1949), pp. 33–4.
2 Hermann (1971), quoted p. 23. Letter from Planck to Robert Williams Wood, 7 October 1931.
3 Mendelssohn (1973), p. 118.
4 Heilbron (2000), quoted p. 5.
5 Mendelssohn (1973), p. 118.
6 Hermann (1971), quoted p. 23. Letter from Planck to Robert Williams Wood, 7 October 1931.
7 Heilbron (2000), quoted p. 3.
8 In the seventeenth century it was well known that passing a beam of sunlight through a prism resulted in the production of a spectrum of colours. It was believed that this rainbow of colours was the result of some sort of transformation of light as a result of passing through the prism. Newton disagreed that somehow the prism adds colour and conducted two experiments. In the first he passed a beam of white light through a prism to produce the spectrum of colours and allowed a single colour to pass through a slit in a board and strike a second prism. Newton argued that if the colour had been the result of some change that light had undergone by passing through the first prism, passing it through a second would produce another change. Alas he found that, no matter which colour was selected as he repeated the experiment, passing it through a second prism left the original colour unchanged. In his second experiment Newton succeeded in mixing light of different colours to create white light.
9 Herschel made his serendipitous discovery on 11 September 1800, but it was published the following year. The spectrum of light can be viewed horizontally and vertically, depending on the arrangement apparatus. The prefix 'infra' came from the Latin word meaning 'below', when the light spectrum was viewed as a vertical strip with violet at the top and red at the bottom.
10 The wavelengths of red light and its various shades lie between 610 and 700 nanometres (nm), where a nanometre is a billionth of a metre. Red light of 700nm has a frequency of 430 trillion oscillations per second. At the opposite end of the visible spectrum, violet light ranges over 450nm to 400nm with the shorter wavelength having a frequency of 750 trillion oscillations per second.
11 Kragh (1999), quoted p. 121.
12 Teichmann et al. (2002), quoted p. 341.
13 Kangro (1970), quoted p. 7.
14 Cline (1987), quoted p. 34.
15 In 1900, London had a population of approximately 7,488,000, Paris of 2,714,000, and Berlin of 1,889,000.
16 Large (2001), quoted p. 12.
17 Planck (1949), p. 15.
18 Planck (1949), p. 16.
19 Planck (1949), p. 15.
20 Planck (1949), p. 16.
21 Planck (1949), p. 16.
22 Heat is not a form of energy as is commonly assumed, but a process that transfers energy from A to B due a temperature difference.
23 Planck (1949), p. 14.
24 Planck (1949), p. 13.
25 Lord Kelvin had also formulated a version of the second law: it is impossible for an engine to convert heat into work with 100 per cent efficiency. It was equivalent to Clausius. Both were saying the same thing but in two different languages.
26 Planck (1949), p. 20.
27 Planck (1949), p. 19.
28 Heilbron (2000), quoted p. 10.
29 Heilbron (2000), quoted p. 10.
30 Planck (1949), p. 20.
31 Planck (1949), p. 21.
32 Jungnickel and McCormmach (1986), quoted p. 52, Vol. 2.
33 Otto Lummer and Ernst Pringsheim