Quantum_ Einstein, Bohr and the Great Debate About the Nature of Reality - Manjit Kumar [199]
34 Given the inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength, as the temperature increases so does the frequency of the radiation of maximum intensity.
35 When the wavelength is measured in micrometres and the temperature in degrees Kelvin, then the constant is 2900.
36 In 1898 the Berlin Physical Society (Berliner Physikalische Gesellschaft), founded in 1845, changed its name to the German Physical Society (Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft zu Berlin).
37 The infrared part of the spectrum can be subdivided into roughly four wavelength bands: the near infrared, near the visible spectrum (0.0007–0.003mm), the intermediate infrared (0.003–0.006mm), the far infrared (0.006–0.015mm) and the deep infrared (0.015–1mm).
38 Kangro (1976), quoted p. 168.
39 Planck (1949), pp. 34–5.
40 Jungnickel and McCormmach (1986), Vol. 2, quoted p. 257.
41 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 1, Pt. 1, quoted p. 41.
42 Jungnickel and McCormmach (1986), Vol. 2, quoted p. 258.
43 Kangro (1976), quoted p. 187.
44 Planck (1900a), p. 79.
45 Planck (1900a), p. 81.
46 Planck (1949), pp. 40–1.
47 Planck (1949), p. 41.
48 Planck (1949), p. 41.
49 Planck (1993), p. 106.
50 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 1, p. 50, footnote 64.
51 Hermann (1971), quoted p. 23. Letter from Planck to Robert Williams Wood, 7 October 1931.
52 Hermann (1971), quoted p. 23. Letter from Planck to Robert Williams Wood, 7 October 1931.
53 Hermann (1971), quoted p. 24. Letter from Planck to Robert Williams Wood, 7 October 1931.
54 Hermann (1971), quoted p. 23. Letter from Planck to Robert Williams Wood, 7 October 1931.
55 Heilbron (2000), quoted p. 14.
56 Planck (1949), p. 32.
57 Hermann (1971), quoted p. 16.
58 Planck (1900b), p. 84.
59 The numbers have been rounded up.
60 Planck (1900b), p. 82.
61 Born (1948), p. 170.
62 Planck was also pleased because he had devised a way of measuring length, time and mass using a new set of units that would be valid and easily reproducible anywhere in the universe. It was a matter of convention and convenience that had led to the introduction of various measuring systems at different places and times in human history, the latest being the measurement of length in metres, time in seconds, and mass in kilograms. Using h and two other constants, the speed of light c and Newton's gravitational constant G, Planck calculated values of length, mass and time that were unique and could serve as the basis of a universal scale of measurement. Given the smallness of the values of h and G, it could not be used for practical everyday purposes, but it would be the scale of choice to communicate with an extraterrestrial culture.
63 Heilbron (2000), quoted p. 38.
64 Planck (1949), pp. 44–5.
65 James Franck, Archive for the History of Quantum Physics (AHQP) interview, 7 September 1962.
66 James Franck, AHQP interview, 7 September 1962.
CHAPTER 2:
THE PATENT SLAVE
1 Hentschel and Grasshoff (2005), quoted p. 131.
2 Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (CPAE), Vol. 5, p. 20. Letter from Einstein to Conrad Habicht, 30 June–22 September 1905.
3 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 101.
4 Hentschel and Grasshoff (2005), quoted p. 38.
5 Einstein (1949a), p. 45.
6 CPAE, Vol. 5, p. 20. Letter from Einstein to Conrad Habicht, 18 or 25 May 1905.
7 CPAE, Vol. 5, p. 20. Letter from Einstein to Conrad Habicht, 18 or 25 May 1905.
8 Brian (1996), quoted p. 61.
9 CPAE, Vol. 9, Doc. 366.
10 CPAE, Vol. 9, Doc. 366.
11 Calaprice (2005), quoted p. 18.
12 CPAE, Vol. 1, xx, M. Einstein.
13 Einstein (1949a), p. 5.
14 Einstein (1949a), p. 5.
15 Einstein (1949a), p. 5.
16 Einstein (1949a), p. 8.
17 Oktoberfest started in 1810 as a fair to celebrate the marriage between the Bavarian Crown Prince Ludwig (the future King Ludwig I) and Princess Thérèse on 17October.