Quantum_ Einstein, Bohr and the Great Debate About the Nature of Reality - Manjit Kumar [202]
41 Wilson (1983), quoted p. 291.
42 Marsden (1948), p. 54.
43 Rhodes (1986), quoted p. 49.
44 Thomson began working on a detailed mathematical version of this model only after he came across a similar idea proposed by Kelvin in 1902.
45 Badash (1969), quoted p. 235.
46 From quoted remarks by Geiger, Wilson (1983), p. 296.
47 Rowland (1938), quoted p. 56.
48 Cropper (2001), quoted p. 317.
49 Wilson (1983), quoted p. 573.
50 Wilson (1983), quoted p. 301. Letter from William Henry Bragg to Ernest Rutherford, 7 March 1911. Received on 11 March.
51 Eve (1939), quoted p. 200. Letter from Hantaro Nagaoka to Ernest Rutherford, 22 February 1911.
52 Nagaoka had been inspired by James Clerk Maxwell's famous analysis of the stability of Saturn's rings, which had puzzled astronomers for more than 200 years. In 1855, in a bid to attract the best physicists to attack the problem, it was chosen as the topic for Cambridge University's prestigious biennial competition, the Adams Prize. Maxwell submitted the only entry to be received by the closing date in December 1857. Rather than diminish the significance of the prize and Maxwell's achievement, it only served to enhance his growing reputation by once again demonstrating the difficulty of the problem. No one else had even succeeded in completing a paper worth entering. Although when seen through telescopes they appeared to be solid, Maxwell showed conclusively that the rings would be unstable if they were either solid or liquid. In an astonishing display of mathematical virtuosity, he demonstrated that the stability of Saturn's rings was due to them being composed of an enormous number of particles revolving around the planet in concentric circles. Sir George Airy, the Astronomer Royal, declared that Maxwell's solution was 'one of the most remarkable applications of Mathematics to Physics that I have ever seen'. Maxwell was duly rewarded with the Adams Prize.
53 Rutherford (1906), p. 260.
54 Rutherford (1911a), reprinted in Boorse and Motz (1966), p. 709.
55 In their paper, published in April 1913, Geiger and Marsden argued that their data was 'strong evidence of the correctness of the underlying assumptions that an atom contains a strong charge at the centre of dimensions, small compared with the diameter of the atom'.
56 Marsden (1948), p. 55.
57 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 7 November 1962.
58 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 2 November 1962.
59 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 7 November 1962.
60 Rosenfeld and Rüdinger (1967), quoted p. 46.
61 Pais (1991), quoted p. 125.
62 Andrade (1964), quoted p. 210.
63 Andrade (1964), p. 209, note 3.
64 Rosenfeld and Rüdinger (1967), quoted p. 46.
65 Bohr (1963b), p. 32.
66 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 2 November 1962.
67 Howorth (1958), quoted p. 184.
68 Soddy (1913), p. 400. He also suggested 'isotopic elements' as an alternative.
69 Radiothorium, radioactinium, ionium and uranium-X were later identified as only four of the 25 isotopes of thorium.
70 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 2 November 1962.
71 Bohr (1963b), p. 33.
72 Bohr (1963b), p. 33.
73 Bohr (1963b), p. 33.
74 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 2 November 1962.
75 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 31 October 1962.
76 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 31 October 1962.
77 Boorse and Motz (1966), quoted p. 855.
78 Georg von Hevesy, AHQP interview, 25 May 1962.
79 Pais (1991), quoted p. 125.
80 Pais (1991), quoted p. 125.
81 Bohr (1963b), p. 33.
82 Blaedel (1985), quoted p. 48.
83 BCW, Vol. 1, p. 555. Letter from Bohr to Harald Bohr, 12 June 1912.
84 BCW, Vol. 1, p. 555. Letter from Bohr to Harald Bohr, 12 June 1912.
85 BCW, Vol. 1, p. 561. Letter from Bohr to Harald Bohr, 17 July 1912.
CHAPTER 4:
THE QUANTUM ATOM
1 Margrethe Bohr, Aage Bohr and Léon Rosenfeld, AHQP interview, 30 January 1963.
2 Margrethe Bohr, Aage Bohr and Léon Rosenfeld, AHQP interview, 30 January 1963.