Quantum_ Einstein, Bohr and the Great Debate About the Nature of Reality - Manjit Kumar [203]
3 Margrethe Bohr, AHQP interview, 23 January 1963.
4 Rozental (1998), p. 34.
5 Bohr decided to delay publication of the paper until experiments being conducted in Manchester on the velocity of alpha particles became available. The paper, 'On the Theory of the Decrease of Velocity of Moving Electrified Particles on Passing through Matter', was published in 1913 in the Philosophical Magazine.
6 See Chapter 3, note 6.
7 Nielson (1963), p. 22.
8 Rosenfeld and Rüdinger (1967), quoted p. 51.
9 BCW, Vol. 2, p. 577. Letter from Bohr to Ernest Rutherford, 6 July 1912.
10 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 7 November 1962.
11 BCW, Vol. 2, p. 136.
12 BCW, Vol. 2, p. 136.
13 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 1 November 1962.
14 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 31 October 1962.
15 BCW, Vol. 2, p. 577. Letter from Bohr to Ernest Rutherford, 4 November 1912.
16 BCW, Vol. 2, p. 578. Letter from Ernest Rutherford to Bohr, 11 November 1912.
17 Pi () is the numerical value of the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
18 One electron volt (eV) was equivalent to 1.6×10-19 joules of energy. A 100-watt light bulb converts 100 joules of electrical energy into heat in one second.
19 BCW, Vol. 2, p. 597. Letter from Bohr to Ernest Rutherford, 31 January 1913.
20 Niels Bohr, AHQP interview, 31 October 1962.
21 In Balmer's day and well into the twentieth century, wavelength was measured in a unit named in honour of Anders Ångström. 1 Ångström = 10-8cm, one hundred-milliont of a centimetre. It is equal to one-tenth of a nanometre in modern units.
22 See Bohr (1963d), with introduction by Léon Rosenfeld.
23 In 1890 the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg developed a more general formula than Balmer's. It contained a number, later called Rydberg's constant, which Bohr was able to calculate from his model. He was able rewrite Rydberg's constant in terms of Planck's constant, the electron's mass and the electron's charge. He was able to derive a value for Rydberg's constant that was almost an identical match for the experimentally determined value. Bohr told Rutherford that he believed it to be an 'enormous and unexpected development'. (See BCW, Vol. 2, p. 111.)
24 Heilbron (2007), quoted p. 29.
25 Gillott and Kumar (1995), quoted p. 60. Lectures delivered by Nobel Prize-winners are available at www.nobelprize.org.
26 BCW, Vol. 2, p. 582. Letter from Bohr to Ernest Rutherford, 6 March 1913.
27 Eve (1939), quoted p. 221.
28 Eve (1939), quoted p. 221.
29 BCW, Vol. 2, p. 583. Letter from Ernest Rutherford to Bohr, 20 March 1913.
30 BCW, Vol. 2, p. 584. Letter from Ernest Rutherford to Bohr, 20 March 1913.
31 BCW, Vol. 2, pp. 585–6. Letter from Bohr to Ernest Rutherford, 26 March 1913.
32 Eve (1939), p. 218.
33 Wilson (1983), quoted p. 333.
34 Rosenfeld and Rüdinger (1967), quoted p. 54.
35 Wilson (1983), quoted p. 333.
36 Blaedel (1988), quoted p. 119.
37 Eve (1939), quoted p. 223.
38 Cropper (1970), quoted p. 46.
39 Jammer (1966), quoted p. 86.
40 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 1, quoted p. 236.
41 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 1, quoted p. 236.
42 BCW, Vol. 1, p. 567. Letter from Harald Bohr to Bohr, autumn 1913.
43 Eve (1939), quoted p. 226.
44 Moseley was also able to resolve some anomalies that had arisen in the placing of three pairs of elements in the periodic table. According to atomic weight, argon (39.94) should be listed after potassium (39.10) in the periodic table. This would conflict with their chemical properties, as potassium was grouped with the inert gases and argon with the alkali metals. To avoid such chemical nonsense, the elements were placed with the atomic weights in reverse order. However, using their respective atomic numbers they are placed in the correct order. Atomic number also allowed the correct positioning of two other pairs of elements: tellurium–iodine and cobalt–nickel.
45 Pais (1991), quoted p. 164.
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