Quantum_ Einstein, Bohr and the Great Debate About the Nature of Reality - Manjit Kumar [204]
47 Pais (1991), quoted p. 164.
48 CPAE, Vol. 5, p. 50. Letter from Einstein to Arnold Sommerfeld, 14 January 1908.
49 It was discovered later that Sommerfeld's k could not be equal to zero. So k was set equal to l+1 where l is the orbital angular momentum number. l = 0, 1, 2 … n-1 where n is the principal quantum number.
50 There are actually two types of Stark effect. Linear Stark effect is one in which splitting is proportional to the electric field and occurs in excited states of hydrogen. All other atoms exhibit the quadratic Stark effect, where the splitting of the lines is proportional to the square of the electric field.
51 BCW, Vol. 2, p. 589. Letter from Ernest Rutherford to Bohr, 11 December 1913.
52 BCW, Vol. 2, p. 603. Letter from Arnold Sommerfeld to Bohr, 4 September 1913.
53 In modern notation m is written ml. For a given l there are 2l+1 values of ml that range from -l to +l. If l=1, then there are three values of ml: -1,0,+1.
54 Pais (1994), quoted p. 34. Letter from Arnold Sommerfeld to Bohr, 25 April 1921.
55 Pais (1991), quoted p. 170.
56 In 1965, when Bohr would have been 80, it was renamed the Niels Bohr Institute.
CHAPTER 5:
WHEN EINSTEIN MET BOHR
1 Frank (1947), quoted p. 98.
2 CPAE, Vol. 5, p. 175. Letter from Einstein to Hendrik Lorentz, 27 January 1911.
3 CPAE, Vol. 5, p. 175. Letter from Einstein to Hendrik Lorentz, 27 January 1911.
4 CPAE, Vol. 5, p. 187. Letter from Einstein to Michele Besso, 13 May 1911.
5 Pais (1982), quoted p. 170.
6 Pais (1982), quoted p. 170.
7 CPAE, Vol. 5, p. 349. Letter from Einstein to Hendrik Lorentz, 14 August 1913.
8 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 335.
9 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 23. Letter from Einstein to Otto Stern, after 4 June 1914.
10 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 10. Letter from Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, before 10 April 1914.
11 CPAE, Vol. 5, p. 365. Letter from Einstein to Elsa Löwenthal, before 2 December 1913.
12 CPAE, Vol. 8, pp. 32–3. Memorandum from Einstein to Mileva Einstein-Maric, 18 July 1914.
13 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 41. Letter from Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 19 August 1914.
14 Fromkin (2004), quoted pp. 49–50.
15 Russia, France, Britain and Serbia were joined by Japan (1914), Italy (1915), Portugal and Romania (1916), the USA and Greece (1917). The British dominions also fought with the allies. Germany and Austria-Hungary were supported by Turkey (1914) and Bulgaria (1915).
16 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 41. Letter from Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 19 August 1914.
17 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 41. Letter from Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 19 August 1914.
18 Heilbron (2000), quoted p. 72.
19 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 345.
20 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 345.
21 Gilbert (1994), quoted p. 34.
22 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 346.
23 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 346.
24 Large (2001), quoted p. 138.
25 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 77. Letter from Einstein to Romain Rolland, 22 March 1915.
26 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 422. Letter from Einstein to Hendrik Lorentz, 18 December 1917.
27 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 422. Letter from Einstein to Hendrik Lorentz, 18 December 1917.
28 CPAE, Vol. 5, p. 324. Letter from Einstein to Arnold Sommerfeld, 29 October 1912.
29 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 151. Letter from Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 26 November 1915.
30 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 22. Letter from Einstein to Paul Ehrenfest, 25 May 1914.
31 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 243. Letter from Einstein to Michele Besso, 11 August 1916.
32 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 243. Letter from Einstein to Michele Besso, 11 August 1916.
33 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 246. Letter from Einstein to Michele Besso, 6 September 1916.
34 CPAE, Vol. 6, p. 232.
35 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 613. Letter from Einstein to Michele Besso, 29 July 1918.
36 Born (2005), p. 22. Letter from Einstein to Max Born, 27 January 1920.
37 Analogy courtesy of Jim Baggott (2004).
38 Born (2005), p. 80. Letter from Einstein to Max Born, 29 April