Quantum_ Einstein, Bohr and the Great Debate About the Nature of Reality - Manjit Kumar [206]
90 Bohr (1922), p. 7.
91 Bohr (1922), p. 42.
92 Robertson (1979), p. 69.
93 Weber (1981), p. 64.
94 Bohr (1922), p. 14.
95 Stuewer (1975), quoted p. 241.
96 Stuewer (1975), quoted p. 241.
97 See Stuewer (1975).
98 Visible light does undergo the 'Compton effect'. But the difference in wavelengths for the primary and scattered visible light is so much smaller than for X-rays that the effect is not detectable by the eye, although it can be measured in the lab.
99 Compton (1924), p. 70.
100 Compton (1924), p. 70.
101 Compton (1961). A short paper by Compton recounting the experimental evidence and the theoretical considerations that led to the discovery of the 'Compton effect'.
102 The American chemist Gilbert Lewis proposed the name photon in 1926 for atoms of light.
103 Fölsing (1997), quoted p. 541.
104 Pais (1991), quoted p. 234.
105 Compton (1924), p. 70.
106 Pais (1982), quoted p. 414.
CHAPTER 6:
THE PRINCE OF DUALITY
1 Ponte (1981), quoted p. 56.
2 Unlike Duc, Prince was not a French title. With the death of his brother, the French title took precedence and Louis became a Duc.
3 Pais (1994), quoted p. 48. Letter from Einstein to Hendrik Lorentz, 16 December 1924.
4 Abragam (1988), quoted p. 26.
5 Abragam (1988), quoted pp. 26–7.
6 Abragam (1988), quoted p. 27.
7 Abragam (1988), quoted p. 27.
8 Ponte (1981), quoted p. 55.
9 See Abragam (1988), p. 38.
10 Corps du Génie in French.
11 Ponte (1981), quoted pp. 5–6.
12 Pais (1991), quoted p. 240.
13 Abragam (1988), quoted p. 30.
14 Abragam (1988), quoted p. 30.
15 Abragam (1988), quoted p. 30.
16 Abragam (1988), quoted p. 30.
17 Abragam (1988), quoted p. 30.
18 Wheaton (2007), quoted p. 58.
19 Wheaton (2007, quoted pp. 54–5.
20 Elsasser (1978), p. 66.
21 Gehrenbeck (1978), quoted p. 325.
22 CPAE, Vol. 5, p. 299. Letter from Einstein to Heinrich Zangger, 12 May 1912.
23 Weinberg (1993), p. 51.
CHAPTER 7:
SPIN DOCTORS
1 Meyenn and Schucking (2001), quoted p. 44.
2 Born (2005), p. 223.
3 Born (2005), p. 223.
4 Paul Ewald, AHQP interview, 8 May 1962.
5 Enz (2002), quoted p. 15.
6 Enz (2002), quoted p. 9.
7 Pais (2000), quoted p. 213.
8 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 1, Pt. 2, quoted p. 378.
9 Enz (2002), quoted p. 49.
10 Cropper (2001), quoted p. 257.
11 Cropper (2001), quoted p. 257.
12 Cropper (2001), quoted p. 257.
13 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 1, Pt. 2, p. 384.
14 Pauli (1946b), p. 27.
15 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 1, Pt. 1, quoted p. 281.
16 CPAE, Vol. 8, p. 467. Letter from Einstein to Hedwig Born, 8 February 1918.
17 Greenspan (2005), quoted p. 108.
18 Born (2005), p. 56. Letter from Born to Einstein, 21 October 1921.
19 Pauli (1946a), p. 213.
20 Pauli (1946a), p. 213.
21 Lorentz assumed that oscillating electrons inside atoms of the incandescent sodium gas emitted the light that Zeeman had analysed. Lorentz showed that a spectral line would split into two closely spaced lines (a doublet) or three lines (a triplet) dependin on whether the emitted light was viewed in the direction parallel or perpendicular to that of the magnetic field. Lorentz calculated the difference in the wavelengths of the two adjacent lines and obtained a value in agreement with Zeeman's experimental results.
22 Pais (1991), quoted p. 199.
23 Pais (2000), quoted p. 221.
24 Pauli (1946a), p. 213.
25 In 1916, 28-year-old German physicist Walther Kossel, whose father had been awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry, was the first to establish an important connection between the quantum atom and the periodic table. He noticed that the difference between the atomic numbers 2, 10, 18 of the first three noble gases, helium, neon, argon, was 8, and argued that the electrons in such atoms orbited in 'closed shells'. The first contained only 2 electrons, the second and