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third, 8 each. Bohr acknowledged the work of Kossel. But neither Kossel nor others went as far as the Dane in elucidating the distribution of electrons throughout the periodic table, the culmination of which was the correct labelling of hafnium as not a rare earth element.

26 BCW, Vol. 4, p. 740. Postcard from Arnold Sommerfeld to Bohr, 7 March 1921.

27 BCW, Vol. 4, p. 740. Letter from Arnold Sommerfeld to Bohr, 25 April 1921.

28 Pais (1991), quoted p. 205.

29 If n=3, then k=1, 2, 3.

If k=1, then m=0 and the energy state is (3,1,0).

If k=2, then m=-1, 0, 1 and the energy states are (3,2,-1), (3,2,0), and (3,2,1).

If k=3, then m=-2, -1, 0, 1, 2 and the energy states are (3,3,-2), (3,3,-1), (3,3,0), (3,3,1) and (3,3,2). The total number of energy states in the third shell n=3 is 9 and the maximum number of electrons 18. For n=4, the energy states are (4,1,0), (4,2,-1), (4,2,0), (4,2,1), (4,3,-2), (4,3,-1), (4,3,0), (4,3,1), (4,3,2), (4,4,-3), (4,4,-2), (4,4,-1), (4,4,0), (4,4,1), (4,4,2), (4,4,3).

The number of electron energy states for a given n was simply equal to n2. For the first four shells, n=1, 2, 3 and 4, the number of energy states are 1, 4, 9, 16.

30 The first edition of Atombau und Spektrallinien was published in 1919.

31 Pais (2000), quoted p. 223.

32 Recall that in his model of the quantum atom, Bohr introduced the quantum into the atom through the quantisation of angular momentum (L = nh/2 = mvr). An electron moving in a circular orbit possesses angular momentum. Labelled L in calculations, the angular momentum of the electron is nothing more than the value obtained by multiplying its mass by its velocity by the radius of its orbit (in symbols, L=mvr). Only those electron orbits were permitted that had an angular momentum equal to nh/2, where n was 1, 2, 3 and so on. All others orbits were forbidden.

33 Calaprice (2005), quoted p. 77.

34 Pais (1989b), quoted p. 310.

35 Goudsmit (1976), p. 246.

36 Samuel Goudsmit, AHQP interview, 5 December 1963.

37 Pais (1989b), quoted p. 310.

38 Pais (2000), quoted p. 222.

39 Actually, the two values are +½(h/2) and -½(h/2) or equivalently +h/4 and -h/4.

40 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 1, Pt. 2, quoted p. 702.

41 Pais (1989b), quoted p. 311.

42 George Uhlenbeck, AHQP interview, 31 March 1962.

43 Uhlenbeck (1976), p. 253.

44 BCW, Vol. 5, p. 229. Letter from Bohr to Ralph Kronig, 26 March 1926.

45 Pais (2000), quoted p. 304.

46 Robertson (1979), quoted p. 100.

47 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 1, Pt. 2, quoted p. 691.

48 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 1, Pt. 2, quoted p. 692.

49 Ralph Kronig, AHQP interview, 11 December 1962.

50 Ralph Kronig, AHQP interview, 11 December 1962.

51 Pais (2000), quoted p. 305.

52 Pais (2000), quoted p. 305.

53 Pais (2000), quoted p. 305.

54 Pais (2000), quoted p. 305.

55 Uhlenbeck (1976), p. 250.

56 Pais (2000), quoted p. 305.

57 Pais (2000), quoted p. 305.

58 Pais (2000), quoted p. 230.

59 Enz (2002), quoted p. 115.

60 Enz (2002), quoted p. 117.

61 Goudsmit (1976), p. 248.

62 Jammer (1966), p. 196.

63 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 2, Pt. 2, quoted p. 208. Letter from Pauli to Ralph Kronig, 21 May 1925.

64 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 1, Pt. 2, quoted p. 719.

CHAPTER 8:

THE QUANTUM MAGICIAN

1 Mehra and Rechenberg (1982), Vol. 2, quoted p. 6.

2 Heisenberg (1971), p. 16.

3 Heisenberg (1971), p. 16.

4 Heisenberg (1971), p. 16.

5 Heisenberg (1971), p. 16.

6 Werner Heisenberg, AHQP interview, 30 November 1962.

7 Heisenberg (1971), p. 24.

8 Heisenberg (1971), p. 24.

9 Werner Heisenberg, AHQP interview, 30 November 1962.

10 Heisenberg (1971), p. 26.

11 Heisenberg (1971), p. 26.

12 Heisenberg (1971), p. 26.

13 Heisenberg (1971), p. 38.

14 Heisenberg (1971), p. 38.

15 Werner Heisenberg, AHQP interview, 30 November 1962.

16 Heisenberg (1971), p. 42.