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to make sense of American domestic and cold war politics in the 1950s, and I am grateful for his counsel. In re-creating the political dynamics of the era, I’ve also relied on the accrued wisdom of many American scholars and space historians. They are too numerous to cite here, but I’ve made a point of acknowledging their contributions whenever possible within the body of the text.

And last, but certainly not least, I want to thank Roberta, my muse, critic, fan, editor, and better half. She makes everything possible.

INDEX

A-10 rocket, 15–16

ABC TV, 90–91, 234

Abramov, Anatoly, 151

Acheson, Dean, 141

Adams, Sherman, 55–56, 169, 171, 221, 231–32, 243

Adlershof research institute, 6–7

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 223, 274

Aerojet-General Corporation, 226

agriculture, Soviet, 37–39, 272–73

Air Force, U.S.

bombers and, 57–59

ICBMs and, 79–81

intelligence, 58–59

IRBMs and, 51–52, 129

missile budget, 132

spy satellites and, 133–34, 180, 185, 249–51

U-2 and, 119–20, 126, 130

Air Force Ballistic Missile Division, 51

“Air Power” hearings (1956), 56–58, 79, 183, 214

Air War College, 82

Alaska, 129

Albania, 193

Alsop, Joseph, 252

Alsop, Stewart, 252

Ambrose, Stephen, 139, 229

American Rocket Society, 223

Anderson, Clinton, 248

Anderson, Robert, 223

Andropov, Yuri, 75

anticommunism, 23, 57, 88–89

Apollo spacecraft, 277

Arbenz, Jacobo, 118

Arkansas National Guard, 139

Armstrong, Neil, 275

Army, U.S., 8–12, 51, 86, 89, 132–34, 249

Army Air Corps, U.S., 46–47

Army Ordnance, U.S., 238

Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA, Huntsville), U.S.

cut out of ICBM program, 79–83, 89–90

dismantled, for NASA, 277

Jupiter C missile and, 134

satellite prepared and launched by, 247–51, 253–56, 258–67, 276

satellite race and, 166, 178–79, 181, 185–87, 218–20, 224–26, 238

Sputnik launch and, 161–68

Wilson tour and funding of, 45–48, 51–52, 54–55

Ascoli, Max, 173

Associated Press, 178, 220

astronaut, 108, 121

Astronautical Research and Development Agency (ARDA), proposed, 223

Astronomer’s Circular, 136

Atlas ICBM, 52, 102, 129, 144, 249, 251, 269

atomic bomb, 35, 40, 89, 148

Atomic Energy Commission, 248

atomic spaceship, 234–35

Auschwitz, 8, 12

Aviation Day air show, 58

B-29 bomber, 26

B-47 long-range bombers, 24–25, 38

B-52 Stratofortress, 25, 38, 59, 79, 101

Balanin, Grigory, 105

Balanina, Maria, 103–7

Barmin, Vladimir, 102, 198, 202

Bay of Pigs fiasco, 270–71

BBC, 76

Bear bombers, 26, 55, 57, 127

Bell Laboratories, 82, 119, 226

Bennett, Rawson, 171

Beon, Yves, 12

Bergaust, Erik, 82, 238

Beria, Lavrenty, 18–19, 29, 42, 61, 67, 71, 109, 190

Berlin airlift, 88–89

Birmingham News, 177

Bison bombers, 26, 55, 57–58, 127

Bissell, Richard, 117–25, 127, 131–35, 185, 249–51, 270–71, 276

“black list” of German scientists, 9

blacklists, McCarthyite, 67, 88–89

“black” military programs, 119

Boeing, 26, 59, 278

Bohlen, Charles, 124, 130

bombers and “bomber gap,” 24–26, 38, 50, 53, 55, 57–59, 80–81, 94, 101, 117, 127, 131, 218

Boyle’s law, 121, 123

Braden, Spruille, 118

Bradley, Omar, 46, 48

Brezhnev, Leonid, 111, 149, 195, 272

Bridger, Jim, 225

Bridges, Styles, 214, 216

Brown v. Board of Education, 136–37

Brucker, Wilbur, 164–65, 265, 267

Brundage, Percival, 226

Bukharin, Nikolai, 21

Bulganin, Nikolai, 18, 28, 30, 41–42, 44, 74, 76, 109, 112

Bulgaria, 63

Bulychev, Ivan, 144

Burrows, William, 133

C-118 plane, 126

Cadbury, Deborah, 108

Cape Canaveral, 153, 232–34, 238–40, 242, 250–51, 253, 255, 258–67

Caro, Robert A., 252

Castro, Fidel, 271

Catherine the Great, czarina of Russia, 206

Catholic Church, 73

CBS, 172, 196

Central Committee, USSR, 27, 31–32, 72, 112, 192, 272

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 18, 23, 25–27, 31, 33, 39, 44, 58, 73, 94, 215, 241, 273

satellites and, 134, 227, 249–51

U-2 and, 116–21, 126–28, 130–32, 270

Vietnam and, 274–75

Chechens, 32

Chekunov, Boris, 156–57, 159

Chelomey, Vladimir, 100–101

Chertok, Boris, 6–8, 11–15, 39, 68, 85, 96, 98–100, 113–15, 154, 198

Chicago Tribune, 180