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China, 89, 184, 199, 208–9

Chrysler Corp., 51–52, 224

Churchill, Winston, 237

Civil Rights Act (1957), 138

civil rights movement, 90, 136–41, 182–84

CL-282 Aquatone (later U-2 plane), 116, 119

Clarke, John, 4–5

Clarke, Rosemary Ann, 4, 5

Clemens, Samuel (Mark Twain), 118

college loan program, 222–23, 274

Commerce Department, 169, 223

communism

collapse of, 246

Republican fear of, 23–24

Communist Party of the USSR, 21, 22, 28, 111

Seventeenth Party Congress, 32

Twentieth Party Congress, 18, 30–33, 42, 60, 208

concentration camps, 11–12, 84

Corona spy satellite, 251, 271

cosmonaut, 108

Council of Ministers, USSR, 27–28

Craig, May, 180

Cronkite, Walter, 233

Cuba, 101, 270–72

missile crisis, 271–72

Czechoslovakia, 63

Dahm, Wernher, 90

D-Day invasion, 46, 257, 262–63

Debus, Kurt, 261–64, 266

Defense Department (Pentagon), U.S., 46, 50–52, 54, 79, 130, 136, 163, 220, 223, 225, 254, 265

Defense Reorganization Act (1958), 274

Democratic Party, 23, 50, 55–59, 78–79, 85, 132, 135–39, 141, 167, 169, 174, 176, 178, 182–83, 214–15, 221–22, 230–31, 242, 274

de-Stalinization, 41–42, 72–73, 111

Dewey, Thomas, 56

Dickson, Paul, 170–71

Dingell, John, 85

DirectTV, 278

Discover satellite program, 251

Disney, Roy, 90

Disney, Walt, 90–92, 234

Disneyland (TV show), 90, 121, 234

Dixiecrats, 182–83

Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 62

dog in space. See Sputnik II

Dora concentration camp, 11–12

Dornberger, Walter, 235–37

Douglas Aircraft, 82

Dulles, Allen, 23, 26, 75–76, 117–20, 123–25, 131, 134, 184–85, 244, 250, 271

Dulles, John Foster, 23–24, 47, 55, 74–75, 118, 120–21, 123, 125–26, 131, 149, 169, 171, 215, 217, 221, 240–41, 243–45, 256–57, 275–76

Eastern Europe, 37, 41–42, 72–73, 76, 185

East Germany, 63

Eckford, Elizabeth, 139

economy

Eastern European, 7, 73

U.S., 49, 51, 91, 169–70, 174, 223–24

USSR, 19–20, 36–39, 273

Eden, Anthony, 76

education gap, 222–23, 274

Egypt, 76, 78, 184–85

Einstein, Albert, 85

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 9, 262

Bay of Pigs and, 270

“Chin Up” speeches of, 217–20, 257

criticism of, post-Sputnik II and Vanguard, 221–24, 226, 229–32

D-Day and, 262–63

Dulles and, 23–24

election of 1956 and “bomber gap,” 55–59, 76, 78–79

Explorer and, 248, 256–58, 265

health problems of, 231–32, 242–44

Hungarian revolution and, 75–76

ICBMs and, 81

Khrushchev and, 204, 206

legacy of, 275–76

Little Rock crisis and, 136–41, 168–69

Medaris and, 48

military spending and, 38, 50

missile program and, 52–53, 132, 148, 269

Nixon and, 54–56, 275

satellite programs and, 93–94, 135, 163, 168, 170–71, 250

Sputnik successes and, 174, 176–86, 204, 214–18, 219–22, 229–30, 251–53, 276

Suez Canal and, 76

summit of 1955 and, 24, 28

summit of 1957 and, 242–43, 256

U-2 and, 117–23, 127, 130–31, 270

Vanguard and, 226, 240–44

Eisenhower, Mamie, 170

elections, U.S.

of 1952, 55–56

of 1956, 53, 55, 57–59, 76, 78–79, 137

of 1958, 214

of 1960, 138, 169, 274–75

Ellender, Allen, 135, 148, 165

Ericson, Bob, 120

Europe, 36–37, 185, 240, 243, 256–57, 269

European Assembly, 200

Evans, Rowland, 183

Explorer satellite, 255–56, 258–67, 276–77. See also Jupiter C ICBM

Faubus, Orval E., 139–40, 168–69

FBI, 89

Federation of American Scientists, 85

“ferret” missions, 126

First Army Group, U.S., 46

First Belorussian Red Army Group, 10

First Ukrainian Red Army Group, 6

Ford Foundation, 220

Fort Bliss army base, 84–85, 87–88

Fortune, 170

485 th Artillery Battalion, German, 2

France, 36, 75–76, 83, 185, 240

Frolov, Piotr, 107

Fulton, James, 171

Gagarin, Yuri, 268–69

Gaither, H. Rowan, 220–21

Gaither report, 220–22

Galione, John M., 10–11

Galloway, Eilene, 230

Gardner, Trevor, 219

Gavin, James A., 51, 135, 162–65, 219–20, 224

General Dynamics, 251

General Electric, 49, 225–28, 238, 258

General Motors (GM), 48–49, 51, 82, 91–92

Georgian uprising of 1956, 60–64

Gerchik, K. V., 143, 149

Gestapo, 261

GIRD-09 rocket, 108

Glushko, Valentin, 33–34, 39, 65–72, 95, 101–3, 109, 143, 147, 149–50, 153, 158–59,