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Tupolev, Andrei, 107, 109

Tupolev bombers, 25–26, 127

Turkey, 41, 116, 129, 270–71

Twining, Nathan, 58

Tyura-Tam test site, 96–97, 100, 102, 117, 128–32, 146, 148, 150–60, 205

U-2 spy plane, 115–28, 130–35, 178–79, 185, 205

Cuban missile crisis and, 271

satellites replace, 249–50

USSR shoots down, 270

Ukrainian Society of Aviation and Aerial Navigation, 107

United Fruit Co., 118

United Nations, 75, 78, 241

United Press International, 179

United States. See also specific government agencies; individuals; and programs

bases of, in Europe and Asia, 25

development of jet power in, 45–59

first satellite launch by, with Explorer and Juno, 260–67

German scientists gathered by, 14

Hungarian revolution of 1956 and, 74–76

IGY satellite program and, 92–93

impact of Korolev and Khrushchev’s space program on, 274–75

Korolov speaks of satellite plans of, to get Soviet support, 43–44

lag behind Soviets in space, after Explorer, 268–69

leads in ICBM race, 269–70

military spending, vs. USSR, 38

missile gap and, 251–53

missile launch pads and, 153

missile program of, downgraded vs. bombers, 79–82

nuclear weapons and bombers of, 24–26

prepares first Explorer launch after Vanguard failure, 247–51, 254–56

response of, to Sputnik I, 165–87, 274

response of, to Sputnik II, 213–34

satellite program of, rumored in Moscow, 151–52

school integration crisis in, 136–40

Sputnik’s propaganda success and, 199

spy satellite program and, 249–51

storable solid-fuel rocket, 155

surpasses Soviets with Saturn rocket, 273

surveillance of USSR and, 129

threatened by range of R-7 missile, 40–41

U-2 plane developed by, 115–35, 270

V-2 rocket and scientists sought by, with defeat of Nazis, 8–11

Vanguard failure and, 238–43

von Braun moves to, 83–92

U.S. Congress, 49, 50, 55, 79, 93, 132, 135, 144, 174, 178, 182, 184, 213–14, 222, 224

U.S. Information Agency (USIA), 200, 201, 241

US News & World Report, 173, 182

U.S. Senate, 53, 56–58, 135, 167, 213–15

Armed Services Committee, 80, 174–76, 214

Armed Services Subcommittee on Preparedness, 183–84, 214–15, 221, 229–30, 231, 247–48, 250, 251–53, 274

U.S. Supreme Court, 136–37, 139

Ustinov, Dmitri, 8, 18, 36

Uzbeks, 63

V-2 rocket (Vergeltungswaffen-2, Vengeance Weapon), 36, 38, 92, 166

Nazi Germany develops, 1–6, 11–13, 235–38

Soviet rockets and, 6–8, 12–15, 29–30, 34, 40, 67, 68

U.S. rockets and, 8–12, 52, 255, 261, 277

Van Allen, James, 255

Vance, Cyrus, 229

Vanguard program, 133–35, 162–63, 165–67, 171, 179, 202

cost overruns of, 226–27

failure of, 224–30, 232–34, 238–44, 247, 250–51, 255–60, 263–64

first test of, 185–87, 224–25

funding for, 249–51

Versailles, Treaty of, 236

Vietnam War, 274–75

Viking rocket, 225–26, 233–34

von Braun, Iris, 90

von Braun, Magnus, 87, 89, 224

von Braun, Margrit, 90

von Braun, Maria, 86, 90

von Braun, Wernher

ABMA missile program and, 48, 51, 79, 102, 129, 144, 162–63, 187, 202, 218, 220

background and Nazi past of, 5, 9, 14–15, 86–87, 234–38, 277

Disney and, 91–92, 121, 234–35

Explorer satellite and, 224–25, 248–49, 254–56, 258, 260–61, 263–65, 267

Korolev keeps abreast of, 100, 102

legacy of, 276–77

manned flight and moon landing proposed by, 249

moves to U.S. after WW II to work on missiles, 83–92, 238

salary of, 122

satellite proposal of, turned down, 92

satellite surveillance proposed by, 132–35

Sputnik success and, 165–68, 186–87

von Freed, Charles, 180

Voroshilov, Kliment, 111

Voskresenskiy, Leonid, 98–99, 113–15, 153, 155–57, 261

Wallace, Mike, 229

War of the Worlds (movie), 92

Warren, Earl, 139

Warsaw Pact, 72, 75, 270

Washington Evening Star, 182, 213

Washington Post, 176, 181, 221

Werhmacht, 166, 235

Western Ukrainians, 32, 63

West Germany, 83, 129, 277

White, Thomas D., 82

White Army, 105

White Sands Proving Ground, 12

Wiesl, Ed, 229

Wiley, Alexander, 171

Williams, G. Mennen, 230–31

Wilson, Charles E. “Engine Charlie,” 48–53,