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sovereign airspace issue, 93, 134

Soviet Academy of Sciences, 92–93, 136, 145, 202

Soviet Union (USSR)

bombers and military spending of, 38–39, 55, 57–59

Brezhnev as leader of, 272–73

civil war of 1917–21, 105–6

collapse of, 268

coup attempt vs. Khrushchev in, 109–13

decline of space program and, 273

de-Stalinization and, 41–42

dog in space and Sputnik II and, 209–210, 213–19, 222

early victories of, in space race, 268–70

economic problems of, and arms race, 36–39

fear of U.S. bombers and nuclear attack and, 23–26, 52

first ICBM, R-7, and satellite envisioned by, 39–40, 43–44

first successful R-7 flight and, 113–14

first test fire of V-2 and, 13–14

IGY and, 92–93

Korolev’s early life and career in, 103–9

manned space flight plans of, 248

missile program of, and U.S. intelligence, 53

Nazi invasion and, 67

Nazi rockets and scientists and, 6–8, 11–16

R-7 development problems and, 64–72, 95–103, 245–47

R-16 program and, 271

satellite program of, and decision to go forward, 142–60

Sputnik success of, and U.S. reaction, 165–87, 195–212

U-2 spying on, 117, 121, 124–31, 133, 270

uprisings of 1956 and, 63, 72–77

U.S. develops satellite program to compete with, 134–36

U.S. lack of ICBM program and, 93–94

U.S. missiles in Turkey and, 270–71

Vanguard failure and, 240–42

space race. See also missiles and rockets; satellites; and specific programs

Disney and von Braun popularize, in U.S., 91–92

exploration vs. arms race as motive for, 256

first envisioned, in USSR, 43–44

IGY and, 93

legacy of, 278

reconnaissance and, 118, 185

territorial rights and, 134

U.S. and, post-Sputnik II, 220, 222–24, 227

Spain, 36

Special Committee on Space Technology (SCST), 223

Speer, Albert, 235

Sputnik I (PS-1 satellite)

ABMA response to, 167–68, 185–87

cost of, 227

Korolev and success of, 196–99, 202–4

long-lasting impact of, 274–75

prepared and successfully launched, 143, 145–60

success of, for USSR, 188–89, 195–99, 206–9, 268

U.S. response to, 171–87, 229, 250, 269–70, 274–76

Vanguard program and, 228

Sputnik II (PS-2 satellite, dog in space), 209–17, 219–22, 229–32, 245–46, 250

Sputnik III, plans for, 247

“Sputnik Night” (October 4, 1957), 219

SR-71 Blackbird spy jet, 133

SS, 10, 12–13, 29, 83, 237

Stalin, Joseph, 7, 15–21, 29–33, 36–37, 39, 41–42, 60–63, 66–67, 73, 75, 89, 109, 112, 146, 189–90, 206, 208–9, 272

Stalingrad, siege of, 35, 190

Stanikov, Sergei, 61–64

State Commission on R-7, USSR, 102–3, 142–50, 152, 155, 159, 204

State Department, U.S., 23, 25, 88, 126, 270

Stauffenberg, Count Claus von, 235

Stehling, Kurt, 226, 233, 258–60

Steklov Institute of Applied Mathematics, 146

Stevenson, Adlai, 56, 78, 137

Stewart, Homer Joe, 226, 238

Stewart Committee, 225–26, 228, 238, 244

Strategic Air Command (SAC), U.S., 24, 41, 47, 50, 58–59, 119, 141, 180, 217

Strategic Rocket Forces, USSR, 153, 246

Strzalkowski, Romek, 73

Stuhlinger, Ernst, 83, 87–88, 165–66, 202, 224–25, 234, 262, 266

SU-9 supersonic high-altitude fighter jet, 130

Suez Canal, 76

summit meetings

Geneva of 1955, 24, 28

Paris of 1957, 242–43, 256

Symington, Stuart, 56–58, 79–80, 89, 127, 131–32, 138, 169, 174–75, 183–84, 213–14, 274–75

Tacksman 1, 129

Tajiks, 63

TASS (news agency), 128, 167, 246–47

Tatars, 32, 63

Taubman, William, 21, 65

Tbilisi protests of 1956, 60–64, 128

Technology Capabilities Panel, 219

Teller, Edward, 173, 216

Thor IRBM, 52, 80, 82, 102, 129, 248–50, 256, 269–70

Tikhonravov, Mikhail, 107–8, 150–51, 198, 211

Time, 56, 57, 138, 173, 182, 215, 216, 228, 242, 257

Tito, Josip Broz, 41–42, 193

Toftoy, Holger N. “Ludy,” 8–11, 13–14, 83–84, 88

Tokady, Grigori A., 12

“total war,” 24

tracking stations

U.S., 263, 267

USSR, 96, 97, 159

Treasury Department, U.S., 223

Trotsky, Leon, 21

Trud (Moscow daily), 61

Truman, Harry S., 16, 49, 51, 56, 85, 89–90, 141, 148, 183, 257

Tsander, Friedrich, 107–8, 245

Tsien Hsue-shen, 89

Tsiolkowsky, Konstantin, 43, 107, 135

Tulip launch