Reinventing Discovery - Michael Nielsen [142]
Miller, Anthony, 177
Miller, Dave, 51
Million Penguins project, 53–54
misinformation, 201–2
models vs. explanations, 127–28
modularity, 33, 48, 49–57, 226
Moon Zoo, 141, 169
Mullenweg, Matt, 20
Muppet Wiki, 54
Myers, Paul, 167
NASA policy on data release, 201
National Center for Biotechnology Information, US, 4, 236
National Institutes of Health (NIH): GWAS data sharing required by, 191
Public Access Policy, 162, 164, 165, 190
National Library of Medicine, 236
National Science Foundation, US, 191
Nature open peer review site, 179–80
Nelson, Ted, 217
networked science: commitment required for, 192–93
as open science, 87, 182
resistance to, 175–76, 182
revolutionary impact of, 10, 206–7. See also data web; internet; online tools; open science
news sites, user-generated, 163
Newton, Isaac: gravitational theory, 3, 102, 126–27
resistance to publication, 174, 183, 189
Neylon, Cameron, 219
Nichol, Bob, 141
Nickel, Arno, 230
Norvig, Peter, 218
novel, collaborative, 53–55
Nowell, Rick, 138
nuclear proliferation, 171
Obama, Barack, 120
Occam’s razor, 126
Ocean Observatories Initiative, 105–6, 108
O’Donnell, Ryan, 38
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), 191
Oldenburg, Henry, 188–89, 197
Olson, Mancur, 189–90, 219
online tools: amplifying collective intelligence, 3, 18–21, 24, 32, 82–87
architecture of attention and, 32–33, 39
bridging institutions enabled by, 6, 87
in citizen science, 149, 152, 154–55
discovery process and, 3
dynamic division of labor and, 36/blockquote>
extending collective long-term memory, 175
filtering contributions to, 199
incentivizing use of, 193
institutions generated and transformed by, 158–59, 169–70, 171
low regard of scientists for, 182
markets subsumed and extended by, 39, 224
motivation to create new tools, 196
nature of explanation and, 128
obstacles to use of, 6
onus for development of, 235–36
programming of, 204–5
promising-but-failed examples of, 176–81
restructuring expert attention, 24, 32
revolutionary impact of, 10
scaling up collaboration, 42
shared praxis and, 78
open access movement, 160, 162, 163, 165. See also secrecy
open access publishing, 6, 160–65
Open Architecture Network, 46–48
open data. See data sharing
Open Dinosaur Project, 150–51
Open Knowledge Foundation, 219
open science: collective action for, 188–90
compelling, 190–93
culture of science and, 87, 181–84, 186
failure of individual action for, 187–88
incentivizing, 193–97
limits to, 198–203
practical steps toward, 203–6
revolutions in, 175, 184, 188–89, 197, 206–7
skepticism about, 197. See also data sharing; networked science; online tools
open source approaches, 46–48, 87
modularity in, 48, 49–57
patterns of scaling in, 48
reuse in, 48, 57–60, 61, 183
signaling mechanisms in, 48–49, 64–66
small contributions in, 48, 64
open source architecture, 46–48
Open source software, 45–46
antisocial behavior related to, 77
competing definitions of, 225
credit for, among scientists, 196
designed serendipity and, 223
Foldit scripts as, 147
microcontributions to, 63, 227
modularity in, 226. See also computer code; Linux
O’Reilly, Tim, 224
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 191
ornithology, 150
Orzel, Chad, 168
Osborne, Tobias, 187
Ostrom, Elinor, 189–90, 219
Page, Scott, 217
Palomar Observatory Sky Survey, 102
papers, scientific: career success and, 6, 8, 9, 110, 174, 178, 181–82, 186, 194
citing other people’s data in, 195
collective projects leading to, 9, 181
comment sites for users of, 179–81
credit associated with, 193–94
Galaxy Zoo’s contributions to, 9, 140, 181
vs. new values of sharing, 204
open access to, 6, 160–65
in open source science, 87
pirated online copies of, 163
preprints and, 194–95, 196 (see also arXiv)