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• Classic-Fiction

tracking of, 93–94, 95–96, 112, 116, 122–23

information commons, 33, 57–60, 96, 110–11, 116

Infotopia (Sunstein), 78

ingenuity gap, 170–71

InnoCentive, 22–24, 28, 43

Intellipedia, 54

interactome, 121

internet: extended to ocean floor, 105–6

long-term perspective on, 110–11

markets and, 38–39

scientific impact of, 102, 107

supposed intelligence-reducing effects of, 20. See also data web; online tools

invisible hand in science, 194

issue tracker, 55–56

Jacobs, Jane, 218

Janis, Irving Lester, 218

Janssen, Pierre Jules César, 138

journals, scientific: historical origin of, 174–75, 188–89

historical value of, 182–83

open access to, 6, 160–65. See also citations; papers, scientific

Justinian (emperor), 158

Kacheishvili, Giorgi, 25

Karpov, Anatoly, 18

Kasparov, Garry, 15–18

on hybrid chess tournament, 114

limits on expertise of, 32

Kasparov versus the World, 15–18

amplifying collective intelligence in, 21, 66, 75

collective insight and, 66–68

conversational critical mass in, 30

dynamic division of labor in, 34–36

expert attention and, 24–26, 28, 66

microcontributions in, 64

shared praxis in, 75

superiority to committees, 39

Katznelson, Yitzhak, 212

Kay, Alan, 58

Kelly, Kevin, 221, 233

Kepler, Johannes, 104, 172–73

Kepler Mission, 201

Khalifman, Alexander, 26

Kleinberg, Jon, 217

knowledge: aggregated by the market, 37–39

current change in construction of, 10, 206

entire body of, 123

of information commons, 59

modern expansion of, 31–32

public accessibility of, 96. See also meaning found in knowledge

Knuth, Donald, 58

Krush, Irina, 16–18, 24–26, 35, 66, 67–68, 74

Lakhani, Karim, 218

language translation by machine, 124–26

Lanier, Jaron, 223

Large Hadron Collider (LHC), 161

Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), 107, 151

lasers, 157

Lauer, Tod, 100–101, 103, 114

lean manufacturing, 36

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 174

Lessig, Lawrence, 220

Lévy, Pierre, 217, 221

libraries, and new knowledge tools, 235–36

line-free configurations, 209–10, 212

Lintott, Chris, 133, 134–35

Linus’s Law, 223

Linux: conscious modularity in development of, 51–52, 56–57

microcontributions to, 63

near-fracturing of, 49–50

origin of, 20, 44–45

release 2.0, 52

societal change and, 158

ubiquity of, 45

Lockheed Martin Skunk Works, 36

Lockyer, Joseph Norman, 138

machine translation, 124–26

Mackay, Charles, 218

Mad Max (film), 34

Magellanic clouds, 99

Manhattan Project, 36

markets: collaboration markets, 85, 86, 87, 182, 196

delivering social benefits of science, 156–57, 158

online collaboration compared to, 37–38

subsumed by online tools, 38–39, 224

Masum, Hassan, 171

mathematical proof. See Polymath Project

MathWorks competition, 60–63, 64–66, 74

addictive quality of, 146

filtering information in, 199

shared praxis in, 75

MATLAB, 65, 66

McCarthy, John, 58

McVoy, Larry, 50

meaning found in knowledge: computerized tools and, 5, 112–13, 115–16

data web and, 111

dramatic expansion in, 3, 95–96

nature of explanation and, 128

as new method of discovery, 93. See also data-driven intelligence

measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, 156

medical records systems, electronic, 94

Medical Research Council, UK, 191

Medici, as patrons of science, 172, 173, 175

Medline, 91–93, 95, 96, 112, 115

microcontributions. See small contributions

microexpertise, 25–27, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 48

Microsoft: Kasparov versus the World and, 15, 16, 68, 227

Linux and, 45, 225

migraine-magnesium connection, 91–92, 103, 112, 115, 116, 228

migration patterns of animals, 121

Milky Way galaxy, 96, 97, 99–100, 127, 140

Miller, Anthony, 177

Miller, Dave, 51

Million Penguins project, 53–54

misinformation, 201–2

models vs. explanations, 127–28

modularity, 33, 48, 49–57, 226

Moon Zoo, 141, 169

Mullenweg, Matt, 20

Muppet Wiki, 54

Myers, Paul, 167

NASA policy on data release, 201

National Center for Biotechnology Information, US, 4, 236

National Institutes of Health (NIH): GWAS data sharing required by, 191

Public