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papers as goal of, 181

potential of networked science and, 175

room for improvement in, 152–53

societal change and, 159

Ford, Henry, 35

forums, online, 20, 77, 152

Franklin, Rosalind, 79–80, 104

freestyle chess, 113–14

Furstenberg, Hillel, 212

galaxies: active nuclei of, 131, 132

dwarf, 96, 99–100, 112, 131, 140

green pea, 5, 135–40, 142, 155

hypervelocity stars in, 155

merging, 140, 155

Milky Way, 96, 97, 99–100, 127, 140

paired, 140

Sloan Great Wall of, 97, 99, 100, 112, 116. See also sky surveys

Galaxy Zoo, 5–6, 129–31, 133–42

cognitive surplus and, 154

computer algorithm trained by, 151

everyday astronomy contrasted with, 141–42

gravitational lenses and, 140

green pea galaxies and, 5, 135–40, 142, 155

merging galaxies and, 140, 155

modularity of, 51

motives of contributors to, 146–47, 155

original development of, 133–35

paired galaxies and, 140

potential of networked science and, 175

room for improvement in, 152–53

scientific papers as goal of, 9, 181

scientific papers assisted by, 140

societal change and, 158, 159, 169–70

voorwerps and, 129–33, 140, 142, 155

Galaxy Zoo 2, 140–42

Galaxy Zoo: Hubble, 140–41

Galileo, 3, 102, 158, 172–73, 174–75, 183

Galton, Francis, 19

Gando, Burkina Faso, 46–48

GenBank, 4, 6–7, 9, 108, 222

general theory of relativity, 27, 123, 127

genetic code, 142–44

genetics: Allen Brain Atlas and, 106

of all species, 107

diseases and, 3, 191

genome sequencing, 116–19

haplotype map, 4, 107, 108, 118, 119, 121

Human Genome Project, 7, 107, 108, 110, 111, 181

mouse brain atlas and, 106

sharing data on, 4, 6–8, 9, 108, 190–91, 192, 222

underwater internet and, 105

wiki projects in, 178, 233–34. See also DNA

Gene Wiki, 233–34

genome-wide association studies (GWAS), 191

Gibson, Mel, 34

Ginsparg, Paul, 182

Gleick, James, 80

global warming. See climate change

GM School, 16, 17, 26

Goldhaber, Michael, 217

Google: data-driven intelligence and, 115

everyday uses of, 96

language translation by, 125

Linux systems of, 45

predictive uses of search queries, 93–95

in tracking of influenza, 93–94, 95–96, 112, 116, 122–23

Google Scholar, 159

Gott, J. Richard, III, 97, 98, 99, 100

government: data sharing by, 120–21

democratic, scientific knowledge and, 157, 158. See also publicly funded science; public policy

Gowers, Tim, 1–2, 30, 32, 63, 212. See also Polymath Project

grant agencies: data sharing and, 7, 108

open access to papers and, 162

open science and, 190–93, 205, 206/a>

power of, 191–92, 235

pursuit of intellectual property and, 184. See also National Institutes of Health (NIH); publicly funded science

grants, competition for, 8, 9, 178, 186

gravitational lenses, 140

gravity: Einstein’s theory of, 27, 35, 81, 123

Newton’s theory of, 3, 102, 126–27

Gray, Jim, 218, 222

Green, Ben, 212, 213

Green, David Allen, 166

green pea galaxies, 5, 135–40, 142, 155

Green-Tao theorem, 212, 213

Grossmann, Marcel, 27, 35

Grothendieck, Alexander, 198, 199

group psychology: experiments in, 69–71

online tools and, 20

groupthink, 77

Gulley, Ned, 62, 218

GWAS (genome-wide association studies), 191

Halevy, Alon, 218

Hall, Mary Boas, 188, 219

Hanny’s Voorwerp, 130, 132–33. See also voorwerps

Hansen, Chuck, 119

haplotype map, 4, 107, 108

data web and, 121

genome sequencing and, 118, 119

Harnois, Michael, 49

Hawking, Stephen, 81, 102, 161, 194

Hayek, Friedrich von, 37, 217

helium, discovery of, 138

hemoglobin, 143–44

Henley, Ron, 25

Higgs particle, 201–2

Hillis, W. Daniel, 206

Hipparchus, 104

HIV/AIDS, 156, 171

Homer-Dixon, Thomas, 170

Hooke, Robert, 173, 189

Hubble Space Telescope, 132, 140–41

human genome, 3–4. See also genetics

Human Genome Project, 7, 107, 108, 110, 111, 181

Hutchins, Edwin, 217

Huygens, Christiaan, 172, 173, 189

Hydra chess computers, 113–14

hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids, 144

hypervelocity sta 155

India, solar-powered wireless router for, 22–24

influenza virus: genetic data on, 7–8, 84