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• Classic-Fiction

sharing, 87, 183, 193, 204–5. See also Firefox; Linux; MathWorks competition; open source software

computer games: addictive quality of, 146, 147

for folding proteins (see Foldit)

connectome, human, 106, 121

conversation, offline small-group, 39–43

conversational critical mass, 30, 31, 33, 42

Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology, 150

Cox, Alan, 57

Creative Commons, 219, 220

creative problem solving, 24, 30, 34, 35, 36, 38. See also problem solving

Crick, Francis, 79–80, 104

Critical mass: for chain reaction, 29–31

conversational, 30, 31, 33, 42

dark matter, 127

data: citation of, 195

theft of, 104

databases, online: of all the world’s knowledge, 4–5

of American Chemical Society, 164

biological, 121

GenBank, 4, 6–7, 9, 108

of Open Dinosaur Project, 150–51

specified by grant agencies, 191

data-driven intelligence, 112–16

in biology, 116–19

complemented by citizen science, 151

for machine translation, 124–25. See also meaning found in knowledge

data-intensive science, Gray’s concept of, 222

data mining, 87, 95, 111, 112, 228

data sharing, 87

compelled by grant agencies, 190–93

current technologies for, 119–21

division of labor and, 107–8

extreme openness in, 183–84

in genetics, 4, 6–8, 9, 108, 190–91, 192, 222

incentives for, 195–96

motivations for, 108–9

resistance to, 7–8, 9, 108, 109–10, 176, 181–82, 183

in Sloan Digital Sky Survey, 102–5, 108–10, 181

trying out, 203. See also Bermuda Agreement; open science; secrecy

data web: biological, 121–22

building of, 119–22, 196

commitment required for, 192

data-driven intelligence and, 112, 116, 119

dream of, 111

significance for science, 122–28

unrealized potential of, 182–83. See also internet; networked science; online tools; open science

David, Paul, 219, 233

democracy, science in, 157, 158

density Hales-Jewett (DHJ) theorem, 209–13

Deshpande, Amit, 57

designed serendipity, 27–31, 33, 223

data sharing and, 103

dynamic division of labor and, 35

market forces and, 38

scale of collaboration and, 42

Dezenhall, Eric, 165

Diamond, Jared, 232

Digg, 163

dinosaurs, 150–51

discovery, scientific: credit for, 193–94

method of, developed in seventeenth century, 3

mining databases for, 87

new pattern of, 106

present great age of, 107

reinvention of, 10–11 (see also open science)

speeding up, 11, 197, 206, 207

untapped potential for, 23

verification of, in large-scale scientific collaboration, 202–3

division of labor: changed by data sharing, 107–8

dynamic, 34–36, 38, 57

DNA: base sequence of, 116–19

double helix structure of, 79–80, 104, 116

organism’s form and, 142–43

proteins coded by, 122, 143–45

Dorigo, Tommaso, 201–2

Dougans, Robert, 166

Drexler, Eric, 218

drug development, 186

dwarf galaxies, 96, 99–100, 112, 131, 140

Dyer, Jason, 1

dynamic division of labor, 34–36

information commons and, 57

by market, 38

Earth, scientific mapping of, 106–7

Easley, David, 217

Easter Island, 170

eBird, 150

economics, shared praxis in, 77. See also markets

Einstein, Albert: E = mc2, 59

initial obscurity of, 78–79

on meaningfulness of science, 146

rapidly accepted ideas of, 228

theory of gravity, 27, 35, 81, 123

Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 219

electronic medical records systems, 94

Elek, Jon, 54

Elsevier journals, 164

emergent properties: of complex knowledge systems, 123

of language, 126

Engelbart, Douglas, 217, 218

entrepreneurs and social benefits of science, 156–57

ergodic theory, 212

evidence, scientific, 202–3

evolution by natural selection, 123

expertise, in large groups, 31, 41–42. See also collective intelligence; microexpertise; restructuring expert attention

explanation, 123–24, 125–28

Facebook, 95

face-to-face collaboration, 40–41

false claims, 201–2

Faraday, Michael, 175

Farke, Andy, 150

Feynman, Richard, 80

Fields Medal, 1, 167

finite simple groups, classification of, 202–3

Firefox, 55–56

Foldit, 143, 146–48, 151

cognitive surplus and, 154, 155