Reinventing Discovery_ The New Era of Networked Science - Michael Nielsen [138]
secrecy in, 87, 184–86
Bayh-Dole Act, 184–85
Benkler, Yochai, 218, 224
Bennett, John Caister, 149
Berges, Aida, 155
Bermuda Agreement, 7, 108, 190, 192, 222
Berners-Lee, Tim, 218
bioinformatics, 108
biology: data-driven intelligence in, 116–19
data web for, 121–22
open source, 48. See also genetics
birdwatchers, 150
black holes, orbiting pair of, 96, 100–101, 103, 112, 114
Blair, Tony, 7, 156
Block, Peter, 218
blogs: architecture of attention and, 42, 56
as basis of Polymath Project, 1–2, 42
invention of, 20
in quantum computing, 187
rumors on, 201–2
scientific, 6, 165–69, 203–4
Borgman, Christine, 218
Boroson, Todd, 100–101, 103, 114
Borucki, William, 201
botany, 107
Brahe, Tycho, 104
brain atlases, 106, 108
British Chiropractic Association, 165–66
Brown, Zacary, 23–24, 27, 35, 41, 223
Burkina Faso, open architecture project in, 46–48
Bush, Vannevar, 217, 218
business: data-driven intelligence for, 112
data sharing methods in, 120. See also markets
cancer, 11
Capra, Baldassare, 174
Cardamone, Carolin, 139–40
Carr, Nicholas, 20, 217
Carter, Jimmy, 23
CASP (Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction), 147–48
CD packing problem, 60–63, 64, 74
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 93–94, 95, 112
CERN particle accelerator, 36
cheminformatics, 108
chemistry wiki, 178
Chesbrough, Henry, 219
chess. See freestyle chess; Karpov, Anatoly; Kasparov versus the World
chessboard domino puzzle, 72–73, 75
chess-playing computers, 113–14
chiropractic, 165–67
Christian suppression of early science, 158
citation-mrement-reward cycle, 196–97, 204
citations: of computer code, 196, 204–5
to data, 195
information commons and, 59–60
of original SDSS paper, 101–2
of preprints, 194–96. See also papers, scientific
citizen science, 5–6, 133
in comet hunting, 148–49
community building in, 152–53
contributing roles of, 151
current flowering of, 149, 151
long history of, 148–49, 150
long-term potential of, 151–55
motivations for participation in, 154–55
Open Dinosaur Project, 150–51
passionate commitment of volunteers in, 40
Project eBird, 150
room for improvement in, 152–53
unrealized potential of, 182. See also Foldit; Galaxy Zoo; society
climate, mapping of, 106
climate change: bird populations and, 150
institutional ingenuity and, 171
public policy and, <7204 >157
risks of openness about, 199–200
skeptics about, 199–200
speeding up solution to, 11
Clinton, Bill, 7
cognitive diversity, 31, 32, 41–43, 48, 51
cognitive surplus, 154, 155
cognitive tools, 3. See also online tools
collaboration: in conventional organizations vs. online, 34–37, 39
markets and, 37–39
in mathematics, 2
in offline small groups vs. online, 39–43
summary of, 32–33
time constraints on, 198–99. See also open science; open source approaches; scaling up collaboration
collaboration markets, 85, 86, 87
incentivizing, 196
unrealized potential of, 182
collective action problems, 188–90
collective insight, 66–68, 74
collective intelligence: data-driven intelligence and, 115
limits to, 33, 72–78
potential scientific uses of, 82–87
suitability of science for, 78–82. See also amplifying collective intelligence
Colwell, Robert, 218
combinatorial line, 211
comet hunters, 148–49
comment sites: successful examples of, 234
user-contributed, 179–81
commercialization of science, 87, 184–86
Company of Strangers, The (Seabright), 37
comparative advantage: architecture of attention and, 32, 33, 43, 56
examples from the sciences, 82, 83, 84, 85
for InnoCentive Challenges, 24, 43
modularity and, 56
technical meaning of, 223
competition: data sharing and, 103–4
as obstacle to collaboration, 86
in protein structure prediction, 147–48
for scientific jobs, 8, 9, 178, 186
Complexity Zoo, 233
computer code: in bioinformatics, 108
centralized development of new tools, 236
citation of, 196, 204–5
for complex experiments, 203
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