Reinventing Discovery_ The New Era of Networked Science - Michael Nielsen [143]
physics: comment sites for, 180
preprint arXiv, 161–63, 165, 175, 182, 194–96
string theory, 81, 178. See also gravity; quantum computing; quantum mechanics
Physics Comments, 180
Pihlajasalo, Antti, 26
Pisani, Elizabeth, 182
Planck, Max, 127–28
planets, extrasolar, 201
Playchess.com, 113–14
PLoS (Public Library of Science ), 162, 163, 165
Polanyi, Michael, 235
polio vaccine, 155–56
political decision making, 69–71, 75, 76
Polymath Project, 1–3
amplifying collective intelligence, 18, 21
collective insight in, 74
dynamic division of labor in, 35
expert attention and, 24
low-quality contributions to, 198–99
microcontributions to, 63, 64
modularity issue and, 51
open source compared to, 48, 66
papers as goal of, 9, 181
problem solved by, 209–13
scale of, 42, 43
shared praxis in, 75, 78
speed of process in, 30, 60
superiority to committees, 39–40
superiority to offline markets, 38
wiki of, 178–79
Popović, Zoran, 146148
preprints, 194–95, 196. See also arXiv
prime numbers, Green-Tao theorem for, 212, 213
PRISM (Partnership for Research Integrity in Science and Medicine), 165
privacy, 198. See also secrecy
problem solving: collective, by Foldit players, 147–48
creative, 24, 30, 34, 35, 36, 38
solitude and, 198, 199
Project eBird, 150
Project Solar Storm Watch, 141, 169
proteins: DNA coding for, 122, 143–45
examples of, 143–44
folding of, 143–48, 151 (see also Foldit)
structure and function of, 121
X-ray diffraction studies of, 145, 147
Ptolemy’s Almagest, 98, 102, 104, 107
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 162, 163, 165
publicly funded science:
commercially-driven secrecy in, 184–86
compelling openness in, 190–91
economic scale of, 203. See also grant agencies
public policy: on openscience, 205–6
scientific knowledge affecting, 157. See also government; society
publishers, and new knowledge tools, 235–36
publishing. See citations; journals, scientific; papers, scientific
quantum computing, 86, 176–77, 184, 187
quantum mechanics, Planck’s model for, 127–28
quantum theory of gravity, 81
quasar mirror, 5, 131–32
quasars, 130–32
Quick Reviews, 180
qwiki, 176–78
Ramsay, William, 138
Raymond, Eric, 218, 223
Red Hat, 45
Reed Elsevier Group, 164
Regan, Ken, 26
reputation economy, 193–94, 196, 197, 205
restructuring expert attention, 24
to amplify collective intelligence, 115
with collaboration market, 85
designed serendipity and, 27–28
by InnoCentive, 24
in Kasparov versus the World, 24–26
microexpertise and, 25–26, 32. See alsohitecture of attention
reuse, 33, 57–60
ideal of extreme openness and, 183
in MathWorks competition, 61
in open source collaborations, 48
Rhodes, Richard, 218
Rich, Ben, 218
Riehle, Dirk, 57, 63
Riemann, Bernhard, 27, 35
Rockefeller Foundation, 23
Roggeveen, Jacob, 170
Rubin, Vera, 127
Rudolph II (Kepler’s patron), 173
rumors, online, 201–2
Salk, Jonas, 155
Sanger, Larry, 8
SAP, 57, 63
scaling up collaboration, 32–33, 41–42
directing attention and, 42–43
filtering contributions and, 43
with microcontributions, 63–64
microexpertise and, 27
modularity and, 53, 56
in open source movement, 48, 53
scoring in, 66
shared methods required for, 33. See also amplifying collective intelligence; collaboration
Schawinski, Kevin, 133–35, 138, 139–40
Schmidt, Eric, 95
Science Advisor, 180
Science Commons, 219
ScienceNews, 163
scientific discovery. See discovery, scientific
scientific method, origins of, 3
scoring, 48, 64–66, 75
scripts, of Foldit players, 147
SDSS. See Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
Seabright, Paul, 37
search engines, 115. See also Google
secrecy: commercialization of science and, 87, 184–86
of genetic data, 6, 7–8
of Kepler Mission data, 201
scientists