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of seventeenth-century scientists, 173–75, 183, 188–89. See also data sharing; open access movement

Segaran, Toby, 219

semantic web, 120

serendipity. See designed serendipity

sex workers, training for technology jobs, 22

Shallows, The (Carr), 20

shared data. See data sharing

shared praxis, 75–77, 78–82, 198

Sheppard, Alice, 133, 135

Shirky, Clay, 153, 154, 219

signaling. See scoring

Simon, Herbert, 217, 223

Sinclair, Cameron, 46

Singh, Simon, 165–67

Skilling, Jeffrey, 165

Skunk Works, 36

Skype video chat, 41

sky surveys, 98

of Hipparchus, 104

of Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, 107, 151

of Palomar Observatory, 102

of Ptolemy, 98, 102, 104. See also Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)

Slashdot, 163

Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), 96–105

data-driven intelligence and, 112, 114

data sharing by, 102–5, 108–10, 181

data web and, 111

Galaxy Zoo’s use of, 138, 139, 140

new pattern of discovery and, 106–7

potential of networked science and, 175

Schawinski’s use of, 134

spectra of galaxies in, 138

Sloan Great Wall, 97, 99, 100, 112, 116

small contributions, 33, 48, 63–64, 227. See also microexpertise

Smart Chess, 17

smartphone, classifying galaxies on, 149

Smith, Adam, 35

Smolin, Lee, 81

society: benefit of open access publishing for, 6, 165

benefits of science for, 156–57

bridging institutions from science to, 6, 87

opening scientific community to, 183

role of science in, 157–59, 169–70

transformed by online tools, 133, 158–59, 171. See also citizen science

software ecologies, 203

solar-powered wireless router, 22–24, 41

solar storms, 141, 169

solitude and creativity, 198, 199

Solymosi, Jozsef, 1

SourceForge, 46

space, colonization of, 11

species of the world, 121

spectral analysis, 136–38, 139, 140

SPIRES, 194–95, 196

Stallman, Richard, 220

Stasser, Garold, 69–71, 74–75

statistical machine translation, 124–26

Stockton, John, 176, 177

Stohr, Kate, 46

string theory, 81, 178

Suber, Peter, 219

Sunstein, Cass, 78, 218

Surowiecki, James, 19, 78, 218

Swanson, Don, 91–93, 95, 103, 111, 228

data-driven intelligence and, 112, 114, 115, 116

Szemerédi, Endre, 212

Szemerédi’s theorem, 212, 213

Tao, Terence, 1, 32, 167–68, 212, 213

Taylor, Mike, 150

Titus, William, 69–71, 74–75

tools. See online tools

Torvalds, Linus, 20, 44–45, 49–51, 52, 57, 223, 225

Total Quality Management, 36

Tovey, Mark, 171, 217

Toyota’s dynamic division of labor, 36

translation, 124–26

Trenberth, Kevin, 199–200

trolls, internet, 77, 199

Truman, Harry, 77

Turing Award, 58

Twitter, 95, 120

Udell, Jon, 27, 218, 223

Umashankar, Nita, 22

Unodos, Jose, 68

U.S. Nuclear Weapons (Hansen), 119

user-contributed comment sites, 179–81

Uytterhoeven, Geert, 49

vaccination, 155–56, 157, 158, 159

Vaingorten, Yaaqov. See Yasha

van Arkel, Hanny, 129, 130, 132–33, 136

Venter, Craig, 7

VGER Linux, 49, 51

Vinge, Vernor, 218

virtual worlds, 41, 87

volunteers. See citizen science

von Hippel, Eric, 219

voorwerps, 129–33, 138, , 142, 155

Wales, Jimmy, 8

Watson, James, 79–80, 104

Weber, Steven, 218

websites. See data web; online tools

Wedel, Mathew, 150

Wellcome Trust, 191

Wheeler, John, 123

Wikipedia: Gene Wiki associated with, 233–34

microcontributions to, 63

modular structure of, 52–53

as open source project, 48

quantity of work devoted to, 153

rate of modifications in, 59

scientists’ early resistance to, 8–9, 176

societal change and, 158

vision of, 8–9

wikis: architecture of attention and, 56

for collaborative novel, 53–54

failed scientific examples of, 176–78, 181

for Foldit, 147

Gene Wiki, 233–34

incentivizing, 196

invention by amateurs, 20

successful examples of, 178–79

trying out, 204

Wisdom of Crowds, The (Surowiecki), 19, 78

Wordpress,